Content | LEAF

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<?xml-model href="http://www.tei-c.org/release/xml/tei/custom/schema/relaxng/tei_all.rng" type="application/xml" schematypens="http://relaxng.org/ns/structure/1.0"?>
<?xml-stylesheet type="text/css" href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/LEAF-VRE/code_snippets/refs/heads/main/CSS/leaf.css"?>
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#">
   <teiHeader>
      <fileDesc>
         <titleStmt>
            
            <title>Sarvodaya IV</title>
            <author>Gandhi</author>
         </titleStmt>
         
         <publicationStmt>
            <authority>Karline McLain</authority>
            <date>2026</date>
            <availability>
               
               <licence/>
            </availability>
         </publicationStmt>
         <sourceDesc>
            <p>Born digital edition</p>
         </sourceDesc>
      </fileDesc>
   <xenoData><rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#" xmlns:as="http://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams#" xmlns:cwrc="http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:dcterms="http://purl.org/dc/terms/" xmlns:foaf="http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/" xmlns:geo="http://www.geonames.org/ontology#" xmlns:oa="http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#" xmlns:schema="http://schema.org/" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#" xmlns:fabio="https://purl.org/spar/fabio#" xmlns:bf="http://www.openlinksw.com/schemas/bif#" xmlns:cito="https://sparontologies.github.io/cito/current/cito.html#" xmlns:org="http://www.w3.org/ns/org#">
        <rdf:Description rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld/">
          <![CDATA[{
	"@context": {
		"dcterms:created": {
			"@type": "xsd:dateTime",
			"@id": "dcterms:created"
		},
		"dcterms:issued": {
			"@type": "xsd:dateTime",
			"@id": "dcterms:issued"
		},
		"oa:motivatedBy": {
			"@type": "oa:Motivation"
		},
		"@language": "en",
		"rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#",
		"rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#",
		"as": "http://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams#",
		"cwrc": "http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#",
		"dc": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/",
		"dcterms": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/",
		"foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/",
		"geo": "http://www.geonames.org/ontology#",
		"oa": "http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#",
		"schema": "http://schema.org/",
		"xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#",
		"fabio": "https://purl.org/spar/fabio#",
		"bf": "http://www.openlinksw.com/schemas/bif#",
		"cito": "https://sparontologies.github.io/cito/current/cito.html#",
		"org": "http://www.w3.org/ns/org#"
	},
	"id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2026-05/sarvodaya-iv.xml?note_annotation_20260511103816133",
	"type": "oa:Annotation",
	"dcterms:created": "2026-05-11T14:38:16.133Z",
	"dcterms:modified": "2026-05-11T14:38:16.133Z",
	"dcterms:creator": {
		"@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/user/72",
		"@type": [
			"cwrc:NaturalPerson",
			"schema:Person"
		],
		"cwrc:hasName": "kmclain"
	},
	"oa:motivatedBy": "oa:describing",
	"oa:hasTarget": {
		"@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2026-05/sarvodaya-iv.xml?note_annotation_20260511103816133#Target",
		"@type": "oa:SpecificResource",
		"oa:hasSource": {
			"@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2026-05/sarvodaya-iv.xml",
			"@type": "dctypes:Text",
			"dc:format": "text/xml"
		},
		"oa:renderedVia": {
			"@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu",
			"@type": "as:Application",
			"rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer",
			"schema:softwareVersion": "4.1.0"
		},
		"oa:hasSelector": {
			"@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2026-05/sarvodaya-iv.xml?note_annotation_20260511103816133#Selector",
			"@type": "oa:XPathSelector",
			"rdf:value": "TEI/text/body/div/head/note"
		}
	},
	"oa:hasBody": {
		"@type": "cwrc:NoteScholarly",
		"dc:format": "text/plain",
		"rdf:value": "This is the fourth in a series of essays that Gandhi published in his weekly newspaper Indian Opinion wherein he provided a paraphrase of John Ruskin's essay \"Unto This Last.\" This essay was foundational to Gandhi's decision to found his first community, Phoenix Settlement, and to his philosophy of universal wellbeing (sarvodaya)."
	},
	"as:generator": {
		"@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu",
		"@type": "as:Application",
		"rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer",
		"schema:url": "https://leaf-writer.lincsproject.ca/",
		"schema:softwareVersion": "4.1.0"
	}
}]]>
        </rdf:Description>
      
        <rdf:Description rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld/">
          <![CDATA[{
	"@context": {
		"dcterms:created": {
			"@type": "xsd:dateTime",
			"@id": "dcterms:created"
		},
		"dcterms:issued": {
			"@type": "xsd:dateTime",
			"@id": "dcterms:issued"
		},
		"oa:motivatedBy": {
			"@type": "oa:Motivation"
		},
		"@language": "en",
		"rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#",
		"rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#",
		"as": "http://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams#",
		"cwrc": "http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#",
		"dc": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/",
		"dcterms": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/",
		"foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/",
		"geo": "http://www.geonames.org/ontology#",
		"oa": "http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#",
		"schema": "http://schema.org/",
		"xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#",
		"fabio": "https://purl.org/spar/fabio#",
		"bf": "http://www.openlinksw.com/schemas/bif#",
		"cito": "https://sparontologies.github.io/cito/current/cito.html#",
		"org": "http://www.w3.org/ns/org#"
	},
	"id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2026-05/sarvodaya-iv.xml?note_annotation_20260511103854478",
	"type": "oa:Annotation",
	"dcterms:created": "2026-05-11T14:38:54.478Z",
	"dcterms:modified": "2026-05-11T14:38:54.478Z",
	"dcterms:creator": {
		"@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/user/72",
		"@type": [
			"cwrc:NaturalPerson",
			"schema:Person"
		],
		"cwrc:hasName": "kmclain"
	},
	"oa:motivatedBy": "oa:describing",
	"oa:hasTarget": {
		"@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2026-05/sarvodaya-iv.xml?note_annotation_20260511103854478#Target",
		"@type": "oa:SpecificResource",
		"oa:hasSource": {
			"@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2026-05/sarvodaya-iv.xml",
			"@type": "dctypes:Text",
			"dc:format": "text/xml"
		},
		"oa:renderedVia": {
			"@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu",
			"@type": "as:Application",
			"rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer",
			"schema:softwareVersion": "4.1.0"
		},
		"oa:hasSelector": {
			"@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2026-05/sarvodaya-iv.xml?note_annotation_20260511103854478#Selector",
			"@type": "oa:XPathSelector",
			"rdf:value": "TEI/text/body/div/div/p[3]/note"
		}
	},
	"oa:hasBody": {
		"@type": "cwrc:NoteScholarly",
		"dc:format": "text/plain",
		"rdf:value": "Gandhi continued his paraphrase of Ruskin's \"Unto This Last\" in his weekly newspaper. See \"Sarvodaya V\" for the next installation."
	},
	"as:generator": {
		"@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu",
		"@type": "as:Application",
		"rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer",
		"schema:url": "https://leaf-writer.lincsproject.ca/",
		"schema:softwareVersion": "4.1.0"
	}
}]]>
        </rdf:Description>
      </rdf:RDF></xenoData></teiHeader>
   <text>
      <body>

<div type="essay">
            <head>Sarvodaya IV<note type="scholarNote">This is the fourth in a series of essays that Gandhi published in his weekly newspaper Indian Opinion wherein he provided a paraphrase of John Ruskin's essay "Unto This Last." This essay was foundational to Gandhi's decision to found his first community, Phoenix Settlement, and to his philosophy of universal wellbeing (sarvodaya).</note></head>

<dateline><title>Indian Opinion</title>
               <docDate>June 6, 1908</docDate></dateline>
            <div>
               <head>Roots of Truth [continued]</head>
               <p>If this can happen in the professions mentioned, why not in trade and commerce?
                  Why is it that trade is always associated with unscrupulousness? We shall see on
                  reflection that it is always assumed that the merchant is moved (solely) by
                  self-interest. Even though he has a socially useful function, we take it for
                  granted that his object is to fill his own coffers. Even the laws are so drafted
                  as to enable the merchant to amass wealth with the utmost speed. It is also
                  accepted as a principle that the buyer must offer the lowest possible price and
                  the seller must demand and accept the highest. The trader has thus been encouraged
                  in this habit, yet the public themselves look down on him for his dishonesty. This
                  principle must be abandoned. It is not right that the merchant should look only to
                  self-interest and amass wealth. This is not trade, but robbery. The soldier lays
                  down his life for the state and the trader ought to suffer (a comparable) loss,
                  ought even to lose his life in the interests of society. In all states the
                  soldier’s profession is to defend the people; the pastor’s to teach it; and the
                  merchant’s to provide for it. And it is the duty of each on due occasion to die
                  for the people. The soldier must be prepared to die at his post of duty rather
                  than desert it. During a plague epidemic, the physician must not run away (from
                  his task) but instead attend to the patients even at the risk of infection. The
                  priest must lead people from error to truth even if they should kill him for it.
                  The lawyer must ensure, even at the cost of his life, that justice prevails.</p>
               <p>We pointed out above the proper occasions for members of the professions to lay
                  down their lives. What, then, is the proper occasion for the merchant to lay down
                  his life? This is a question which all, the merchant included, must ask
                  themselves. The man who does not know when to die does not know how to live. We
                  have seen that the merchant’s function is to provide for the people. Just as the
                  clergyman’s function is not to earn a stipend but to instruct, so the merchant’s
                  function is not to make profits but to provide for the people. The clergyman who
                  devotes himself to preaching has his needs provided for, and in the same manner
                  the merchant will have his profits. But neither of them must have an eye only on
                  the main chance. Both have work to do – each a duty to perform – irrespective of
                  whether or not they get the stipend or the profit. If this proposition is true,
                  the merchant deserves the highest honor. For his duty is to procure commodities of
                  high quality and distribute them at a price which people can afford. It also
                  becomes his duty at the same time to ensure the safety and wellbeing of the
                  hundreds or thousands of men working under him. This requires a great deal of
                  patience, kindness and intelligence. Also, in discharging these several functions
                  he is bound, as others are bound, to give up his life, if need be. Such a trader
                  would not sell adulterated goods or cheat anyone, whatever his difficulties or
                  even if he was going to be reduced to utter poverty. Moreover, he will treat the
                  men under him with the utmost kindness. Very often a young man taking up a
                  situation with a big factory or commercial house travels a long way from home, so
                  that the master has to accept the role of his parents. If the master is
                  indifferent, the young man will be like an orphan. At every step, therefore, the
                  merchant or the master must ask himself this question, “Do I deal with my servants
                  as I do with my sons?”</p>
               <p>Suppose a ship’s captain places his son among the common sailors under his
                  command. The captain’s duty is to treat all sailors as he would treat his son. In
                  the same manner, a merchant may ask his son to work alongside of those under him.
                  He must always treat the workers as he would then treat his son. This is the true
                  meaning of economics. And as the captain is bound to be the last man to leave his
                  ship in case of shipwreck, so in the event of famine or other calamities, the
                  trader is bound to safeguard the interests of his men before his own. All this may
                  sound strange. But the really strange thing about the modern age is that it should
                  so sound. For anyone who applies his mind to it will be able to see that the true
                  principle is as we have stated it. Any other standard is impossible for a
                  progressive nation. If the British have survived so long, it is not because they
                  have lived up to the maxims of economics, but because they have had many heroes
                  who have questioned them and followed instead these principles of moral conduct.
                  The harm that results from the violation of these principles and the nation’s
                  consequent decline from greatness, we shall consider on another occasion.<note type="scholarNote">Gandhi continued his paraphrase of Ruskin's "Unto This Last" in his weekly newspaper. See "Sarvodaya V" for the next installation.</note></p>
            </div>

</div>
      </body>
   </text>
</TEI>

Sarvodaya IV (June 6, 1908)