Document <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><?xml-model href="http://www.tei-c.org/release/xml/tei/custom/schema/relaxng/tei_all.rng" type="application/xml" schematypens="http://relaxng.org/ns/structure/1.0"?><?xml-stylesheet type="text/css" href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/BucknellDSC/suzette/master/CSS/suzette_cwrc.css"?><TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"> <teiHeader> <fileDesc> <titleStmt> <title type="main">Suzette: a Digital Edition</title> <respStmt> <persName>John Westbrook</persName> <orgName>Bucknell University</orgName> <resp>Editor</resp> </respStmt> <respStmt> <persName>Diane Jakacki</persName> <orgName>Bucknell University</orgName> <resp>Project Manager</resp> </respStmt> <respStmt> <persName>Annie Girton</persName> <orgName>Bucknell University</orgName> <resp>Research Assistant and Encoder, 2018-2020</resp> </respStmt> <respStmt> <persName>Sarah Haber</persName> <orgName>Bucknell University</orgName> <resp>Research Assistant and Encoder, 2020-2022</resp> </respStmt> <respStmt> <persName>Rebecca Heintzelman</persName> <orgName>Bucknell University</orgName> <resp>Research Assistant and Encoder, 2020-Present</resp> </respStmt> <respStmt> <persName>Juliya Harnood</persName> <orgName>Bucknell University</orgName> <resp>Research Assistant and Encoder, 2021-Present</resp> </respStmt> <respStmt> <persName>Jaehoon Pyon</persName> <orgName>Bucknell University</orgName> <resp>Research Assistant and Encoder, 2023-Present</resp> </respStmt> </titleStmt> <publicationStmt> <distributor>Bucknell University</distributor> <pubPlace> <address> <addrLine>One Dent Drive</addrLine> <addrLine>Lewisburg, PA 17837</addrLine> </address> </pubPlace> <availability> <licence>Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International</licence> </availability> </publicationStmt> <sourceDesc> <biblStruct> <monogr> <title>Suzette: Livre de Lecture Courante à l’Usage des Jeunes Filles. Morale—Leçon de choses, Economie Domestique – Ménage – Cuisine – Couture</title> <author>Robert Halt</author> <textLang>French</textLang> <imprint> <date>1889</date> <distributor>Libraire Classique Paul Delaplane</distributor> <pubPlace>Paris, France</pubPlace> </imprint> </monogr> </biblStruct> </sourceDesc> </fileDesc> <xenoData><rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#" xmlns:as="http://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams#" xmlns:cwrc="http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:dcterms="http://purl.org/dc/terms/" xmlns:foaf="http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/" xmlns:geo="http://www.geonames.org/ontology#" xmlns:oa="http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#" xmlns:schema="http://schema.org/" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#" xmlns:fabio="https://purl.org/spar/fabio#" xmlns:bf="http://www.openlinksw.com/schemas/bif#" xmlns:cito="https://sparontologies.github.io/cito/current/cito.html#" xmlns:org="http://www.w3.org/ns/org#"> <rdf:Description rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld/"> <![CDATA[{ "@context": { "dcterms:created": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:created" }, "dcterms:issued": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:issued" }, "oa:motivatedBy": { "@type": "oa:Motivation" }, "@language": "en", "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#", "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#", "as": "http://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams#", "cwrc": "http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#", "dc": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/", "dcterms": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/", "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/", "geo": "http://www.geonames.org/ontology#", "oa": "http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#", "schema": "http://schema.org/", "xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#", "fabio": "https://purl.org/spar/fabio#", "bf": "http://www.openlinksw.com/schemas/bif#", "cito": "https://sparontologies.github.io/cito/current/cito.html#", "org": "http://www.w3.org/ns/org#" }, "id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2023-07/suzette_ch083.xml?note_annotation_20231116133733214", "type": "oa:Annotation", "dcterms:created": "2023-11-16T20:37:33.214Z", "dcterms:creator": { "@id": "1", "@type": [ "cwrc:NaturalPerson", "schema:Person" ], "cwrc:hasName": "admin" }, "oa:motivatedBy": "oa:describing", "oa:hasTarget": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2023-07/suzette_ch083.xml?note_annotation_20231116133733214#Target", "@type": "oa:SpecificResource", "oa:hasSource": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2023-07/suzette_ch083.xml", "@type": "dctypes:Text", "dc:format": "text/xml" }, "oa:renderedVia": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu", "@type": "as:Application", "rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer", "schema:softwareVersion": "3.5.0" }, "oa:hasSelector": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2023-07/suzette_ch083.xml?note_annotation_20231116133733214#Selector", "@type": "oa:XPathSelector", "rdf:value": "TEI/text/body/div/div/p[2]/note" } }, "oa:hasBody": { "@type": "oa:TextualBody", "dc:format": "text/plain", "rdf:value": "Génération. 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travail. </head> <div type="récit"> <p>Là, un peuple de merveilleuses machines en tenue brillante, et qu'on eût dites heureuses de leur existence en ce monde ! </p> <p>C'étaient les couteaux, les marteaux, les scies, les pilons de nos jours ; voilà ce qu'était devenu le pauvre outillage des âges de pierre, de bronze et de fer ! Salut au génie et au labeur humains ! à l'effort des générations*<note type="annotation">Génération. L'ensemble de tous les hommes du même âge.</note> qui, continué à travers tant de siècles de misère, de sang, de forte et douloureuse patience, avait enfin produit ces outils magnifiques de puissance et de précision ! </p> <figure> <caption>La grande industrie. 1. Les marteaux-pilons dont on se sert dans la métallurgie sont mus par la vapeur. Le pilon ou mouton pèse un poids considérable ; celui de l'usine du <placeName key="Le Creusot" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q329664">Creusot</placeName> (<placeName key="Saône-et-Loire" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q12736">Saône-et-Loire</placeName>) dépasse 80,000 kilogr. — 2. Ouvrier peignant la laine.</caption> </figure> <p>— Voyez-vous ceux-ci aux larges mâchoires pourvues de dents d'acier ? ce sont des peignes à peigner la laine, qui sort de là en filaments finement divisés. Et savez-vous que <pb type="page" n="287" facs="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/BucknellDSC/suzette/master/images/page_images/Suzette_287.jpg"/> des mâchoires humaines faisaient jadis ce travail, que des ouvriers s'employaient à passer la laine entre leurs dents pour ôter les nœuds, et s'empoisonnaient ainsi de poussière morbide*<note type="annotation">Morbide. Qui cause des maladies.</note>.</p> <p>Cette machine, à côté, est destinée à un moulin ; le montage des sacs de blé, la mouture, le blutage* <note type="annotation">Blutage. Opération ayant pour objet de séparer la farine du son. </note>, l'ensachement, tout s'y fera mécaniquement. Et qui, jadis, avant cette invention, et celle des moulins à eau et à vent, était chargé de toute cette besogne ? — les femmes, avec leurs pauvres bras. On peut les voir encore à ce travail sous les tentes de l'Arabe.</p> <p>—Parbleu ! s'écria <persName type="fictif" key="pascal">Pascal</persName> en regardant <persName type="fictif" key="suzette">Suzette</persName>, je vous l'avais bien dit.</p> <figure> <caption>Le moulin à vent. Quand le vent souffle, les ailes du moulin, sur lesquelles on a étendu de fortes toiles, tournent avec lenteur, impriment le mouvement aux engrenages et, par suite, aux meules et aux autres parties du mécanisme.</caption> </figure> <p>—Oh ! je m'en souviens ! répondit <persName type="fictif" key="suzette">Suzette</persName>.</p> <p>On était maintenant devant une machine à vapeur, gros corps aux membres d'acier poli et de cuivre brillant comme de l'or. <persName type="fictif">Louis</persName> s'arrêta. Il la connaissait ; il en avait mené l'exécution :</p> <p>— C'est une belle et bonne chose, dit-il avec la caresse des yeux et le sourire heureux du travailleur devant son œuvre ; un navire l'attend. Elle le conduira à travers les mers jusqu'aux continents lointains, pour y porter nos <figure> <caption>Femme arabe blutant le blé. L'opération du blutage consiste à séparer, au moyen d'un tamis, la farine du son. </caption> </figure> <pb type="page" n="288" facs="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/BucknellDSC/suzette/master/images/page_images/Suzette_288.jpg"/> produits. Elle nous rapportera le coton de l'<placeName key="United States of America" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q30">Amérique</placeName>, le blé, les laines de l'<placeName key="Australia" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q408">Australie</placeName>, la soie, le thé de la <placeName key="China" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q29520">Chine</placeName>, le café, les fruits, les épices des <placeName key="Insular Oceania" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q538">îles océaniennes</placeName>, tout ce que notre sol européen ne produit pas ou ne nous donne qu'avec parcimonie*<note type="annotation">Parcimonie. Epargne excessive.</note>.</p> </div> <div type="questionnaire"> <head>Questionnaire.</head> <list> <item>— Qu'est-ce qui remplissait la galerie des machines ? </item> <item>— Nommez quelques-uns de ces appareils, </item> <item>— A qui sont dus ces outils magnifiques ?</item> <item>— En quoi consistent les peignes pour la laine ? </item> <item>— Qu'ont-ils remplacé ? </item> <item>— Que se, fait-il dans le moulin perfectionné ?</item> <item>— Qui s'acquittait auparavant de cette besogne, et comment ? </item> <item>— Citez la remarque de <persName type="fictif" key="pascal">Pascal</persName>. </item> <item>— Quelle nouvelle machine fut soumise à leur examen ? </item> <item>— Qui avait coutribué à sa construction ?</item> <item>— Qu'en dit <persName type="fictif">Louis</persName> ? </item> <item>— Où conduira-t-elle les voyageurs, que rapportera-t-elle ? </item> </list> </div> <div type="exercices"> <head>DÉVELOPPEMENT DES SUJETS PROPOSÉS POUR EXERCICES.</head> <div type="sciences_naturelles"> <head>Sciences naturelles.</head> <div type="questions"> <list> <item>— LE FER. </item> <item>— Ce qu'il est, ses propriétés, ses usages. </item> <item>— Origine du fer. </item> <item>— Le minerai ; le haut fourneau ; la coulée de la fonte ; le moulage. </item> <item>— Comment la fonte devient du fer. </item> <item>— Prix de la tonne de fer.</item> </list> </div> <div type="réponses"> <p>Le <term>fer</term> est un métal d'un gris bleuâtre pesant 7 fois 78 plus que l'eau et doué d'un certain éclat. Susceptible de s'étirer en fils ténus et de s'etendre en lames très minces, il est tenace et sonore. Peu de metaux sont aussi difficiles à fondre ; il se ramollit toutefois à une température bien inferieure à colle du point où il entre en fusion ; alors on peut le pétrir sous le marteau et le souder sur lui-même. A l'air libre, il se couvre d'un oxyde rouge connu sous le nom de <term>rouille</term> ; à la chaleur rouge, il se forme à sa surface des écailles d'oxyde noir.</p> <p>Le fer sert à la fabrication de la plupart des outils, des instruments, des armes. Il se substitue actuellement au bois et à la pierre dans la construction des maisons, des ponts, des navires, etc.</p> <p>Le fer se trouve à la surface et au sein de la terre en minerais contenant du métal pur ou mélangé à diverses substances, telles que le carbone, la silice, le phosphore. A l'etat natif, il en existe des mines considérables. Le minerai de fer forme, à l'ile d'<placeName key="Elba" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q45328">Elbe</placeName>, en <placeName key="Sweden" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q34">Suède</placeName>, aux <placeName key="United States of America" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q30">Etats-Unis</placeName>, de véritables collines.</p> <p>PRÉPARATION DE LA FONTE ET DU FER. — Après avoir trié, concassé et lavé le minerai, on le traite dans de grandes et solides constructions, nommées <term>hauts fourneaux</term>, qui consistent en deux cônes tronqués réunis par leurs grandes bases. On y verse d'abord du charbon de terre qu'on enflamme, puls alternativement une couche de minerai et une couche de charbon ; dès que la houille, introduite en premier lieu, a développé une haute température, le metal fond, et comme il est la plus pesante des substances introduites dans le haut fourneau, il se tombe au fond de cet appareil, tandis que les impuretés ou scories surnagent à la surface.</p> <p>En cet etat, le fer prend le nom de <term>fonte</term>.</p> <p>Non loin du haut fourneau, on a établi des <term>moules</term> destinés à la fabrication de divers objets : plaques, tuyaux, poêles ; on ouvre avec une barre de fer un trou, ferme avec de l'argile, pratiqué à la base de l'énorme construction ; par cette ouverture, le métal coule, liquide comme de l'eau, et se rend dans les moules.</p> <p>Pour <term>fabriquer le fer</term> on soumet la fonte à une haute temperature au contact de l'air, ce qui détruit les matières terreuses et le charbon <pb type="page" n="289" facs="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/BucknellDSC/suzette/master/images/page_images/Suzette_289.jpg"/> restant dans le métal. On fait ensuite passer les masses de fonte rougie sous un énorme marteau qui, les frappant avec violence, leur donne plus de consistance tout en chassant, sous la forme d'étincelles, les impuretés qu'elles renferment encore.</p> <p>La tonne de fer, ou les 1,000 kilogrammes, vaut de 140 à 200 francs.</p> </div> </div> <div type="industrie"> <head>Industrie.</head> <div type="questions"> <list> <item>— Qu'est-ce qu'un marteau-pilon ? </item> <item>— Donner une idée de la construction, de la forme de cet appareil. </item> <item>— Ce qui le met en mouvement. </item> <item>— Services qu'on en tire.</item> </list> </div> <div type="réponses"> <p>Le <term>marteau-pilon</term> est une lourde masse de métal pesant de 6,000 à 8,000 kilogrammes ; soulevé par la vapeur, il retombe de tout son poids sur la pièce de fer à travailler.</p> <p>Un énorme et massif bâti de fonte, solidement appuyé sur de larges et épaisses fondations, supporte des montants entre lesquels glisse et remonte le gigantesque marteau. Au-dessous est un bloc d'acier qui remplit le rôle d'enclume. En ouvrant ou en fermant les orifices de la vapeur dans le cylindre qui surmonte le massif juste au-dessus du marteau, on soulève ce dernier dans la mesure désirable, lentement ou rapidement, pour le laisser ensuite retomber sur la masse métallique que l'on se propose de travailler. (Voir la Partie du maître du <title>COURS DE COMPOSITION FRANÇAISE (Degré supérieur), par <persName type="historique">E. LAPORTE</persName></title>, pages 217 et 218.)</p> </div> <div type="questions"> <list> <item>LA LAINE. </item> <item>— Dans quel état elle arrive aux peignes.</item> <item>— Ce que font les peignes.</item> <item>— Les décrire. </item> <item>— Emploi de la laine peignée. </item> <item>— Que fait-on de la laine filée ?</item> </list> </div> <div type="réponses"> <p>La laine des moutons, lavée et blanchie à la vapeur du soufre, arrive en masses informes aux <term>peignes</term>, qui ont pour objet d'étirer les fils et de les réunir dans le sens de la longueur. Ce sont des tambours d'un à deux mêtres de diamêtre, munis sur leur surface extérieure d'une multitude de petites aiguilles d'acier ; ils sont mis en mouvement et tournent on sens inverse. On jette des poignées de laine sur ces tambours, qui les entraînent dans leur mouvement de rotation, et donnent ainsi aux fils la disposition demandée. Ces fils se réunissent à la base du dernier tambour en boudins de laine qu'on porte à la filature. Dans cette usine, ils sont attachés chacun aux fils d'une broche, et la machine, avançant, reculant, faisant tourner des bobines, donne à la laine la forme de fils minces qui s'enroulent autour de fuseaux égaux. Cette laine filée sert à la fabrication de tissus variés : drap, flanelle, mérinos, objets de bonneterie, etc.</p> </div> <div type="questions"> <list> <item>Quelles opérations transforment le grain de blé en farine ?</item> <item>— Donnez des détails particuliers sur le blutage.</item> </list> </div> <div type="réponses"> <p>Le blé, versé dans une caisse sans fond appelée la <term>trémie</term>, tombe sur une meule de pierre immobile, au-dessus de laquelle roule, en la touchant presque, une seconde meule formée de la même matière. Là, le grain est écrasé et débarrassé de son enveloppe : il tombe dans le blutoir où a lieu l'opération qui donne la farine et le son ; ce blutoir est un cylindre de toile fine dans lequel les produits de la mouture se séparent : la farine tombe au-dessous dans de grands tiroirs ; quant au son, il glisse sur les parois du blutoir et arrive dans un sac qu'on change aussitôt qu'il est rempli.</p> </div> </div> <div type="géographie" subtype="océanie"> <head>Géographie.</head> <div type="questions"> <list> <item>— Qu'entend-on par <placeName key="Oceania" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q55643">Océanie</placeName> ? </item> <item>— Qu'est-ce que l'<placeName key="Australia" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q408">Australie</placeName> ?</item> <item>— Détails sur ses habitants, ses animaux, ses végétaux, ses productions minérales. </item> <item>— Nommer la grande île que possède la <placeName key="France" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q142">France</placeName> en <placeName key="Oceania" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q55643">Océanie</placeName>.</item> </list> </div> <div type="réponses"> <p>(Voir un bon cours de géographie ou un atlas moderne donnant les cartes et le texte correspondant.) </p> </div> <fw type="footer">SUZETTE (Maitresse). <fw type="sig"> 17</fw></fw> </div> </div> </div> </body> </text> </TEI> Document Download Object Type XML document
