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            <title>My Experience in Jail I</title>
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<div type="essay">
            <head>My Experience in Jail I<note type="scholarNote">This is the first installment of a four-part essay on Gandhi’s first experience in jail that he published in his weekly newspaper Indian Opinion in 1908. At this time Gandhi was training his coresidents at Phoenix Settlement to prepare to endure time in prison as part of the growing civil disobedience campaign, and he wanted to share some of these lessons with the broader Indian population in South Africa.</note></head>

<dateline>
               <title>Indian Opinion</title>
               <docDate>March 7, 1908</docDate>
            </dateline>
            <div>
               <p>Though the imprisonment that the Indian satyagrahis<note type="scholarNote">Satyagrahi = one who practices satyagraha, nonviolent civil disobedience</note> and I suffered for a righteous
                  cause was all too brief, I propose to describe my jail experiences in these
                  columns, having been asked to do so by a number of persons.<note type="scholarNote">Gandhi was arrested on January 10, 1908, for leading a nonviolent civil disobedience campaign against the Asiatic Registration Act, which he viewed as discriminatory against Asians in South Africa. He was sentenced to two months in prison, but was released early, on January 30, to negotiate a compromise settlement with South African officials.</note> Also, I think it may
                  be useful to others. It is also my belief that there are many rights that the
                  Indian community is yet to win by courting imprisonment. It is therefore necessary
                  for everyone to have an idea of the hardships of jail life. Often we imagine
                  hardships where in fact there are none. Clearly, nothing but good can result from
                  a knowledge of the true state of affairs.</p>
               <p>After two attempts by the Government to arrest and imprison me it happened at last
                  at 2 p.m. on January 10. Before my colleagues and I received our sentences a
                  telegram was received from Pretoria, which reported that the Indians arrested
                  there for not complying with the Act had received sentences of three months’ hard
                  labor and fines in addition, with a further term of three months’ hard labor in
                  default of payment. I was upset by the news, and asked the Magistrate to give me
                  the maximum penalty, but this was not done.<note type="scholarNote">Instead of the maximum penalty for violating the Asiatic Registration Act, Gandhi received a sentence of two months' imprisonment without hard labor.</note></p>
               <p>And so we were all awarded two months’ simple imprisonment each. Messrs P.K.
                  Naidoo, C.M. Pillay, Karwa, Easton and Fortoen were my fellow-prisoners. The two
                  last named are from China. After the sentence I was detained for a few minutes in
                  the Prisoners’ Yard behind the Court. Then I was secretly led to a cab. Many were
                  the thoughts that surged in my mind. Was I to be given a separate cell and treated
                  as a political prisoner? Was I to be isolated from my fellow-prisoners? Was I to
                  be taken out of Johannesburg? These were the thoughts running through my mind. I
                  was accompanied by a detective, who was apologetic. I told him that he had no
                  reason to be, as he was only doing his duty in taking me to jail.</p>
               <p>All that I had imagined was soon falsified. I was taken to where all prisoners are
                  kept, and was soon joined by my fellow-prisoners. First, all of us were weighed.
                  Then we were asked to give our finger-impressions. After being stripped we were
                  given prison uniforms to wear, consisting of black trousers, a shirt, a jumper, a
                  cap and socks. We were given a bag each to pack away our own clothes in. Before
                  being led off to our ward, we were each given eight ounces of bread. We were then
                  marched off to a prison intended for Kaffirs<note type="scholarNote">Kaffir = a pejorative term that was, in Gandhi's time, commonly used to refer to Black South Africans</note>.</p>
            </div>

<div>
               <head>Indians On Par With Kaffirs</head>
               <p>There, our garments were stamped with the letter “N,” which meant that we were
                  being classed with the Natives. We were all prepared for hardships, but not quite
                  for this experience. We could understand not being classed with the whites, but to
                  be placed on the same level with the Natives seemed too much to put up with. I
                  then felt that Indians had not launched on passive resistance too soon. Here was
                  further proof that the obnoxious law was intended to emasculate the Indians.</p>
               <p>It was, however, as well that we were classed with the Natives. It was a welcome
                  opportunity to study the treatment meted out to Natives, and their conditions in
                  jail and their habits. Looked at from another point of view, it did not seem right
                  to feel bad about being bracketed with them. At the same time, it is indubitably
                  right that Indians should have separate cells. The cells for Kaffirs were adjacent
                  to ours. They used to make a frightful din in their cells as also in the adjoining
                  yard. We were given a separate ward because we were sentenced to simple
                  imprisonment; otherwise we would have been in the same ward with the Kaffirs.
                  Indians sentenced to hard labor are in fact kept with the Kaffirs.</p>
               <p>Apart from whether or not this implies degradation, I must say it is rather
                  dangerous. Kaffirs are as a rule uncivilized – the convicts even more so. They are
                  troublesome, very dirty and live almost like animals. Each ward contains nearly 50
                  to 60 of them. They often started rows and fought among themselves. The reader can
                  easily imagine the plight of the poor Indian thrown into such company!</p>
            </div>

<div>
               <head>Other Indian Prisoners</head>
               <p>Apart from us, there were hardly three or four Indian prisoners in the whole jail.
                  They were locked up with the Kaffirs and, to that extent, they were worse off than
                  we. However, I noticed that they were quite cheerful and enjoyed better health
                  than when they were outside. They had earned the favor of the Chief Warder. Being
                  quick at their work and well informed, as compared with the Kaffirs, they were
                  given respectable work to do inside the jail. That is, they supervised the work on
                  the machines in the store or did similar jobs which were not strenuous or did not
                  seem unclean. They were particularly helpful to us.</p>
            </div>

<div>
               <head>Ward</head>
               <p>We were kept in a ward which had room for 13 persons. It was labelled “For Coloured
                  Debtors”; that is, for the most part it was used for Coloured<note type="scholarNote">In South Africa at this time, "Coloured" was an official racial category that referred to persons of mixed-race heritage.</note> persons who were
                  imprisoned for civil offences. For ventilation, the ward had two small windows
                  with a strong iron grilling which, I thought, did not let in enough air.
                  Galvanized iron sheets served for walls with glazed apertures at three places,
                  half an inch in diameter, through which the jailers could watch the prisoners
                  while remaining unobserved themselves. The ward next to ours had Kaffir prisoners
                  in it. In the wards beyond, there were Kaffirs, Chinese and Cape Boys<note type="scholarNote">Cape Boys = a pejorative term that was, in Gandhi's time, commonly used to refer to men of mixed-race heritage from the Cape region of South Africa.</note> – all
                  witnesses – who had been locked up in jail lest they should abscond.<note type="scholarNote">Gandhi continued his discussion of his experience in jail in his weekly newspaper. See "My Experience in Jail II" for the next installation.</note></p>
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