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the-passive-resistance-farm_0_0_0.xml
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><?xml-model href="http://www.tei-c.org/release/xml/tei/custom/schema/relaxng/tei_all.rng" type="application/xml" schematypens="http://relaxng.org/ns/structure/1.0"?><?xml-stylesheet type="text/css" href="null"?><TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"> <teiHeader> <fileDesc> <titleStmt> <title/> </titleStmt> <publicationStmt> <publisher/> <availability> <p>Published under unspecified terms</p> </availability> <date>2026-02-22Z</date> </publicationStmt> <sourceDesc> <p>Converted from DOCX</p> </sourceDesc> </fileDesc> <xenoData><rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#" xmlns:as="http://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams#" xmlns:cwrc="http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:dcterms="http://purl.org/dc/terms/" xmlns:foaf="http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/" xmlns:geo="http://www.geonames.org/ontology#" xmlns:oa="http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#" xmlns:schema="http://schema.org/" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#" xmlns:fabio="https://purl.org/spar/fabio#" xmlns:bf="http://www.openlinksw.com/schemas/bif#" xmlns:cito="https://sparontologies.github.io/cito/current/cito.html#" xmlns:org="http://www.w3.org/ns/org#"> <rdf:Description rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld/"> <![CDATA[{ "@context": { "dcterms:created": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:created" }, "dcterms:issued": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:issued" }, "oa:motivatedBy": { "@type": "oa:Motivation" }, "@language": "en", "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#", "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#", "as": "http://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams#", "cwrc": "http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#", "dc": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/", "dcterms": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/", "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/", "geo": "http://www.geonames.org/ontology#", "oa": "http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#", "schema": "http://schema.org/", "xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#", "fabio": "https://purl.org/spar/fabio#", "bf": "http://www.openlinksw.com/schemas/bif#", "cito": "https://sparontologies.github.io/cito/current/cito.html#", "org": "http://www.w3.org/ns/org#" }, "id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2026-02/the-passive-resistance-farm_0_0.xml?note_annotation_20260227125353981", "type": "oa:Annotation", "dcterms:created": "2026-02-27T17:53:53.981Z", "dcterms:modified": "2026-02-27T17:53:53.981Z", "dcterms:creator": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/user/9", "@type": [ "cwrc:NaturalPerson", "schema:Person" ], "cwrc:hasName": "Diane Jakacki" }, "oa:motivatedBy": "oa:describing", "oa:hasTarget": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2026-02/the-passive-resistance-farm_0_0.xml?note_annotation_20260227125353981#Target", "@type": "oa:SpecificResource", "oa:hasSource": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2026-02/the-passive-resistance-farm_0_0.xml", "@type": "dctypes:Text", "dc:format": "text/xml" }, "oa:renderedVia": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu", "@type": "as:Application", "rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer", "schema:softwareVersion": "4.0.0-beta.1" }, "oa:hasSelector": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2026-02/the-passive-resistance-farm_0_0.xml?note_annotation_20260227125353981#Selector", "@type": "oa:XPathSelector", "rdf:value": "TEI/text/body/div/note" } }, "oa:hasBody": { "@type": "cwrc:NoteScholarly", "dc:format": "text/plain", "rdf:value": "Gandhi authored this essay about the founding of Tolstoy Farm and published\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tit in his weekly newspaper, Indian Opinion, on June 18,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1910." }, "as:generator": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu", "@type": "as:Application", "rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer", "schema:url": "https://leaf-writer.lincsproject.ca/", "schema:softwareVersion": "4.0.0-beta.1" } }]]> </rdf:Description> <rdf:Description rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld/"> <![CDATA[{ "@context": { "dcterms:created": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:created" }, "dcterms:issued": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:issued" }, "oa:motivatedBy": { "@type": "oa:Motivation" }, "@language": "en", "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#", "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#", "as": "http://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams#", "cwrc": "http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#", "dc": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/", "dcterms": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/", "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/", "geo": "http://www.geonames.org/ontology#", "oa": "http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#", "schema": "http://schema.org/", "xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#", "fabio": "https://purl.org/spar/fabio#", "bf": "http://www.openlinksw.com/schemas/bif#", "cito": "https://sparontologies.github.io/cito/current/cito.html#", "org": 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"oa:hasSelector": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2026-02/the-passive-resistance-farm_0_0.xml?note_annotation_20260227125353981#Selector", "@type": "oa:XPathSelector", "rdf:value": "TEI/text/body/div/p[2]/note" } }, "oa:hasBody": { "@type": "cwrc:NoteScholarly", "dc:format": "text/plain", "rdf:value": "Hermann Kallenbach was\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tthe owner and co-founder (along with Gandhi) of Tolstoy Farm, founded in\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1910." }, "as:generator": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu", "@type": "as:Application", "rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer", "schema:url": "https://leaf-writer.lincsproject.ca/", "schema:softwareVersion": "4.0.0-beta.1" } }]]> </rdf:Description> <rdf:Description rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld/"> <![CDATA[{ "@context": { "dcterms:created": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:created" }, "dcterms:issued": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:issued" }, "oa:motivatedBy": { "@type": "oa:Motivation" }, "@language": "en", "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#", "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#", "as": "http://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams#", "cwrc": "http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#", "dc": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/", "dcterms": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/", "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/", "geo": "http://www.geonames.org/ontology#", "oa": "http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#", "schema": "http://schema.org/", "xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#", "fabio": "https://purl.org/spar/fabio#", "bf": "http://www.openlinksw.com/schemas/bif#", "cito": "https://sparontologies.github.io/cito/current/cito.html#", "org": "http://www.w3.org/ns/org#" }, "id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2026-02/the-passive-resistance-farm_0_0.xml?note_annotation_20260227125353982", "type": "oa:Annotation", "dcterms:created": "2026-02-27T17:53:53.982Z", "dcterms:modified": "2026-02-27T17:53:53.982Z", "dcterms:creator": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/user/9", "@type": [ "cwrc:NaturalPerson", "schema:Person" ], "cwrc:hasName": "Diane Jakacki" }, "oa:motivatedBy": "oa:describing", "oa:hasTarget": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2026-02/the-passive-resistance-farm_0_0.xml?note_annotation_20260227125353982#Target", "@type": "oa:SpecificResource", "oa:hasSource": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2026-02/the-passive-resistance-farm_0_0.xml", "@type": "dctypes:Text", "dc:format": "text/xml" }, "oa:renderedVia": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu", "@type": "as:Application", "rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer", "schema:softwareVersion": "4.0.0-beta.1" }, "oa:hasSelector": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2026-02/the-passive-resistance-farm_0_0.xml?note_annotation_20260227125353982#Selector", "@type": "oa:XPathSelector", "rdf:value": "TEI/text/body/div/p[2]/note[2]" } }, "oa:hasBody": { "@type": "cwrc:NoteScholarly", "dc:format": "text/plain", "rdf:value": "At this time many Indians in South\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAfrica were in prison in Johannesburg for protesting against the\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tdiscriminatory Asiatic Registration Act. Tolstoy Farm was founded to\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\thelp care for the families of many of these prisoners." }, "as:generator": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu", "@type": "as:Application", "rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer", "schema:url": "https://leaf-writer.lincsproject.ca/", "schema:softwareVersion": "4.0.0-beta.1" } }]]> </rdf:Description> <rdf:Description rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld/"> <![CDATA[{ "@context": { "dcterms:created": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:created" }, "dcterms:issued": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:issued" }, "oa:motivatedBy": { "@type": "oa:Motivation" }, "@language": "en", "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#", "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#", "as": "http://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams#", "cwrc": "http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#", "dc": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/", "dcterms": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/", "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/", "geo": "http://www.geonames.org/ontology#", "oa": "http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#", "schema": "http://schema.org/", "xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#", "fabio": "https://purl.org/spar/fabio#", "bf": "http://www.openlinksw.com/schemas/bif#", "cito": "https://sparontologies.github.io/cito/current/cito.html#", "org": "http://www.w3.org/ns/org#" }, "id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2026-02/the-passive-resistance-farm_0_0.xml?note_annotation_20260227125353982", "type": "oa:Annotation", "dcterms:created": "2026-02-27T17:53:53.982Z", "dcterms:modified": "2026-02-27T17:53:53.982Z", "dcterms:creator": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/user/9", "@type": [ "cwrc:NaturalPerson", "schema:Person" ], "cwrc:hasName": "Diane Jakacki" }, "oa:motivatedBy": "oa:describing", "oa:hasTarget": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2026-02/the-passive-resistance-farm_0_0.xml?note_annotation_20260227125353982#Target", "@type": "oa:SpecificResource", "oa:hasSource": { "@id": 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</rdf:Description> <rdf:Description rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld/"> <![CDATA[{ "@context": { "dcterms:created": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:created" }, "dcterms:issued": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:issued" }, "oa:motivatedBy": { "@type": "oa:Motivation" }, "@language": "en", "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#", "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#", "as": "http://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams#", "cwrc": "http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#", "dc": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/", "dcterms": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/", "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/", "geo": "http://www.geonames.org/ontology#", "oa": "http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#", "schema": "http://schema.org/", "xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#", "fabio": "https://purl.org/spar/fabio#", "bf": "http://www.openlinksw.com/schemas/bif#", "cito": "https://sparontologies.github.io/cito/current/cito.html#", "org": "http://www.w3.org/ns/org#" }, "id": 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"https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2026-02/the-passive-resistance-farm_0_0.xml?note_annotation_20260227125353982#Selector", "@type": "oa:XPathSelector", "rdf:value": "TEI/text/body/div/p[6]/note" } }, "oa:hasBody": { "@type": "cwrc:NoteScholarly", "dc:format": "text/plain", "rdf:value": "Indians\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tdescending from the south Indian state of Tamil Nadu, whose native\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tlanguage is Tamil." }, "as:generator": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu", "@type": "as:Application", "rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer", "schema:url": "https://leaf-writer.lincsproject.ca/", "schema:softwareVersion": "4.0.0-beta.1" } }]]> </rdf:Description> <rdf:Description rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld/"> <![CDATA[{ "@context": { "dcterms:created": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:created" }, "dcterms:issued": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:issued" }, "oa:motivatedBy": { "@type": "oa:Motivation" }, "@language": "en", "rdf": 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"cwrc:NaturalPerson", "schema:Person" ], "cwrc:hasName": "Diane Jakacki" }, "oa:motivatedBy": "oa:describing", "oa:hasTarget": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2026-02/the-passive-resistance-farm_0_0.xml?note_annotation_20260227125353982#Target", "@type": "oa:SpecificResource", "oa:hasSource": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2026-02/the-passive-resistance-farm_0_0.xml", "@type": "dctypes:Text", "dc:format": "text/xml" }, "oa:renderedVia": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu", "@type": "as:Application", "rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer", "schema:softwareVersion": "4.0.0-beta.1" }, "oa:hasSelector": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2026-02/the-passive-resistance-farm_0_0.xml?note_annotation_20260227125353982#Selector", "@type": "oa:XPathSelector", "rdf:value": "TEI/text/body/div/p[8]/note" } }, "oa:hasBody": { "@type": "cwrc:NoteScholarly", "dc:format": "text/plain", "rdf:value": "In keeping with the vow of nonviolence\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t(ahimsa). Residents on Tolstoy Farm also agreed to eat a vegetarian\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tdiet." }, "as:generator": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu", "@type": "as:Application", "rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer", "schema:url": "https://leaf-writer.lincsproject.ca/", "schema:softwareVersion": "4.0.0-beta.1" } }]]> </rdf:Description> <rdf:Description rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld/"> <![CDATA[{ "@context": { "dcterms:created": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:created" }, "dcterms:issued": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:issued" }, "oa:motivatedBy": { "@type": "oa:Motivation" }, "@language": "en", "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#", "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#", "as": "http://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams#", "cwrc": "http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#", "dc": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/", "dcterms": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/", "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/", "geo": "http://www.geonames.org/ontology#", "oa": 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xmlns:dcterms="http://purl.org/dc/terms/" xmlns:foaf="http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/" xmlns:geo="http://www.geonames.org/ontology#" xmlns:oa="http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#" xmlns:schema="http://schema.org/" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#" xmlns:fabio="https://purl.org/spar/fabio#" xmlns:bf="http://www.openlinksw.com/schemas/bif#" xmlns:cito="https://sparontologies.github.io/cito/current/cito.html#" xmlns:org="http://www.w3.org/ns/org#"/></xenoData><encodingDesc> <projectDesc> <p>Converted from DOCX to TEI using XSLT</p> </projectDesc> </encodingDesc> </teiHeader> <text> <body> <pb facs="https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2026-02/tolstoy-farm-indian-opinion-18june1910-p1_0.jpg"/> <biblStruct> <monogr><title>Indian Opinion</title> <imprint> <date>June 18, 1910</date> </imprint> </monogr> </biblStruct> <div> <head>The Passive Resistance Farm</head> <note type="scholarNote">Gandhi authored this essay about the founding of Tolstoy Farm and published it in his weekly newspaper, Indian Opinion, on June 18, 1910.</note> <p>[Special to Indian Opinion]</p> <p>The Farm that Mr. Kallenbach<note type="scholarNote">Hermann Kallenbach was the owner and co-founder (along with Gandhi) of Tolstoy Farm, founded in 1910.</note> has given for the use of the families of passive resisters<note type="scholarNote">At this time many Indians in South Africa were in prison in Johannesburg for protesting against the discriminatory Asiatic Registration Act. Tolstoy Farm was founded to help care for the families of many of these prisoners.</note> he has named Tolstoy Farm. He has chosen an ambitious title and it is his intention, so far as possible, to live up to the ideals that Tolstoy<note type="scholarNote">Both Gandhi and Kallenbach were in communication with Count Leo Tolstoy in 1909-1910, and named Tolstoy Farm in his honor.</note> has set forth. The greatest thing, however, that Mr. Kallenbach has done is to live with the passive resisters their life, to share their sorrows, and joys when there are any, and to comfort and protect the wives and families of the imprisoned passive resisters. Mr. Kallenbach considers that all this is part of his own training and that it gives him an insight into human nature which nothing else could have given.</p> <p>Tolstoy Farm is situated on the Vereeniging line, 22 miles from the Park Station, Johannesburg, and the nearest station being Lawley. The journey from Johannesburg occupies nearly 1½ hours. A cyclist has to cover a distance of about 18 miles and he can cycle the distance in less than two hours. The boundary of the Farm is reached in about seven minutes from Lawley Station and the dwelling place in about thirteen more minutes.</p> <p>Mr. Kallenbach bought the farm from Mr. Partridge, who is a Town Councillor. It is nearly 1,100 acres in extent or 508 morgen, being nearly two miles long and three quarter broad.</p> <p>It slopes down a hill from South to North and is, therefore, well protected from the South-East winds. There are nearly 1,000 fruit-bearing trees and a small plantation of wattle and eucalyptus trees. The ground is fertile. Water is supplied from two wells is also a spring. Beyond a shed and a dilapidated house containing four rooms and a kitchen, it contains no structure worth naming.</p> <p>On Sunday last, members of some leading Tamil<note type="scholarNote">Indians descending from the south Indian state of Tamil Nadu, whose native language is Tamil.</note> families visited the Farm, the party comprising Mrs. R. M. Ramasamy Moodley, Mrs. Thambi Naidoo, Mrs. Coomarsamy Padiachy, Mrs. Lazarus, Mr. R. N. Tommy, Mrs. Peter Moonlight, Miss Kamachee Pillay, Mrs. G. S. Pillay, Miss Parvati, also Messrs. Thambi Naidoo, Gopal Naidoo, Sinian and N. S. Pillay. They passed practically the whole day at the Farm. In all there were 22 persons. <pb facs="https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2026-02/tolstoy-farm-indian-opinion-18june1910-p2.jpg"/> All the cooking was attended to by Mr. Kallenbach, Mr. Gandhi and his son Manilal. The visitors seemed to be well satisfied with what they saw. Mr. Gopal Naidoo went to the farm to stay. He will take up, besides farm work, Tamil tuition of the children.</p> <p>Thus steady progress is being made towards a settlement on the Farm. It opens up vast possibilities for the Indian community. The future alone can tell what they are. This is also an earnest attempt to bring East and West nearer along (shall I say) right lines and by easy though slow stages. But Nature ever works slowly. And those who are concerned with the movement wish to copy Nature as they understand her.</p> <p>It may be interesting to note that Mr. Kallenbach prohibits all shooting on the Farm<note type="scholarNote">In keeping with the vow of nonviolence (ahimsa). Residents on Tolstoy Farm also agreed to eat a vegetarian diet.</note>, and wishes to eschew, so far as possible, the use of machinery and hired labour<note type="scholarNote">In keeping with the vow of self-sufficiency (swadeshi).</note>.</p> </div> </body> </text> </TEI>
