Fays, Floozies and Philosophical Flaws Document <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><?xml-model href="http://www.tei-c.org/release/xml/tei/custom/schema/relaxng/tei_all.rng" type="application/xml" schematypens="http://relaxng.org/ns/structure/1.0"?><?xml-stylesheet type="text/css" href="null"?><TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"> <teiHeader xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"> <fileDesc> <titleStmt> <title>Fays, Floozies and Philosophical Flaws</title> <author>Arlene Ladden</author> <respStmt> <persName>Haley Beardsley</persName> <resp>Editor, encoder</resp> </respStmt> <respStmt> <persName>Erica Delsandro</persName> <resp>Investigator, editor</resp> </respStmt> <respStmt> <persName>Margaret Hunter</persName> <resp>Editor</resp> </respStmt> <respStmt> <persName>Diane Jakacki</persName> <resp>Invesigator, encoder</resp> </respStmt> <respStmt> <persName>Sophie McQuaide</persName> <resp>Editor</resp> </respStmt> <respStmt> <persName>Olivia Martin</persName> <resp>Editor, encoder</resp> </respStmt> <respStmt> <persName>Bri Perea</persName> <resp>Editor</resp> </respStmt> <respStmt> <persName>Roger Rothman</persName> <resp>Investigator, editor</resp> </respStmt> <respStmt> <persName>Kaitlyn Segreti</persName> <resp>Editor</resp> </respStmt> <respStmt> <persName>Maggie Smith</persName> <resp>Editor</resp> </respStmt> <respStmt> <persName>Maya Wadhwa</persName> <resp>Editor</resp> </respStmt> <funder>Bucknell University Humanities Center</funder> <funder>Bucknell University Office of Undergraduate Research</funder> <funder>The Mellon Foundation</funder> <funder>National Endowment for the Humanities</funder> </titleStmt> <publicationStmt> <distributor> <name>Bucknell University</name> <address> <street>One Dent Drive</street> <settlement>Lewisburg</settlement> <region>Pennsylvania</region> <postCode>17837</postCode> </address> </distributor> <availability> <licence>Bucknell Heresies Project: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)</licence> <licence>Heresies journal: © Heresies Collective</licence> </availability> </publicationStmt> <sourceDesc> <biblStruct> <analytic><title>Heresies: Issue 1</title></analytic> <monogr> <imprint> <publisher>HERESIES: A Feminist Publication on Art and Politics</publisher> <pubPlace> <address> <name>Heresies</name> <postBox>P.O. Boxx 766, Canal Street Station</postBox> <settlement>New York</settlement> <region>New York</region> <postCode>10013</postCode> </address> </pubPlace> </imprint> </monogr> </biblStruct> </sourceDesc> </fileDesc> <xenoData><rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#" xmlns:as="http://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams#" xmlns:cwrc="http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:dcterms="http://purl.org/dc/terms/" xmlns:foaf="http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/" xmlns:geo="http://www.geonames.org/ontology#" xmlns:oa="http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#" xmlns:schema="http://schema.org/" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#" xmlns:fabio="https://purl.org/spar/fabio#" xmlns:bf="http://www.openlinksw.com/schemas/bif#" xmlns:cito="https://sparontologies.github.io/cito/current/cito.html#" xmlns:org="http://www.w3.org/ns/org#"> <rdf:Description rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld/"> <![CDATA[{ "@context": { "dcterms:created": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:created" }, "dcterms:issued": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:issued" }, "oa:motivatedBy": { "@type": "oa:Motivation" }, "@language": "en", "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#", "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#", "as": "http://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams#", "cwrc": "http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#", "dc": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/", "dcterms": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/", "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/", "geo": "http://www.geonames.org/ontology#", "oa": "http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#", "schema": "http://schema.org/", "xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#", "fabio": "https://purl.org/spar/fabio#", "bf": "http://www.openlinksw.com/schemas/bif#", "cito": "https://sparontologies.github.io/cito/current/cito.html#", "org": "http://www.w3.org/ns/org#" }, "id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2025-04/ladden_0_0_0_0_0_0.xml?note_annotation_20230423153118738", "type": "oa:Annotation", "dcterms:created": "2023-04-23T19:31:18.738Z", "dcterms:creator": { "@id": "2", "@type": [ "cwrc:NaturalPerson", "schema:Person" ], "cwrc:hasName": "Diane Jakacki" }, "oa:motivatedBy": "oa:describing", "oa:hasTarget": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2025-04/ladden_0_0_0_0_0_0.xml?note_annotation_20230423153118738#Target", "@type": "oa:SpecificResource", "oa:hasSource": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2025-04/ladden_0_0_0_0_0_0.xml", "@type": "dctypes:Text", "dc:format": "text/xml" }, "oa:renderedVia": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu", "@type": "as:Application", "rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer", "schema:softwareVersion": "3.6.0" }, "oa:hasSelector": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2025-04/ladden_0_0_0_0_0_0.xml?note_annotation_20230423153118738#Selector", "@type": "oa:XPathSelector", "rdf:value": "TEI/text/body/div[2]/p/note" } }, "oa:hasBody": { "@type": "cwrc:NoteInternal", "dc:format": "text/plain", "rdf:value": "\"An Exhortation to Theodore after His Fall,\" in A Select Library of the Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, ed. Philip Schaff et al. (New York, 1889), IX, 103-104." }, "as:generator": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu", "@type": "as:Application", "rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer", "schema:url": "https://leaf-writer.lincsproject.ca/", "schema:softwareVersion": "3.6.0" } }]]> </rdf:Description> <rdf:Description rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld/"> <![CDATA[{ "@context": { "dcterms:created": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:created" }, "dcterms:issued": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:issued" }, "oa:motivatedBy": { "@type": "oa:Motivation" }, "@language": "en", "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#", "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#", "as": "http://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams#", "cwrc": "http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#", "dc": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/", "dcterms": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/", "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/", "geo": "http://www.geonames.org/ontology#", "oa": "http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#", "schema": "http://schema.org/", "xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#", "fabio": "https://purl.org/spar/fabio#", "bf": "http://www.openlinksw.com/schemas/bif#", "cito": "https://sparontologies.github.io/cito/current/cito.html#", "org": "http://www.w3.org/ns/org#" }, "id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2025-04/ladden_0_0_0_0_0_0.xml?note_annotation_20230423153118739", "type": "oa:Annotation", "dcterms:created": "2023-04-23T19:31:18.739Z", "dcterms:creator": { "@id": "2", "@type": [ "cwrc:NaturalPerson", "schema:Person" ], "cwrc:hasName": "Diane Jakacki" }, "oa:motivatedBy": "oa:describing", "oa:hasTarget": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2025-04/ladden_0_0_0_0_0_0.xml?note_annotation_20230423153118739#Target", "@type": "oa:SpecificResource", "oa:hasSource": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2025-04/ladden_0_0_0_0_0_0.xml", "@type": "dctypes:Text", "dc:format": "text/xml" }, "oa:renderedVia": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu", "@type": "as:Application", "rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer", "schema:softwareVersion": "3.6.0" }, "oa:hasSelector": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2025-04/ladden_0_0_0_0_0_0.xml?note_annotation_20230423153118739#Selector", "@type": "oa:XPathSelector", "rdf:value": "TEI/text/body/div[2]/p[2]/note" } }, "oa:hasBody": { "@type": "cwrc:NoteInternal", "dc:format": "text/plain", "rdf:value": "From the Carmen de Mundi contemptu, quoted in Not in God’s Image, ed. J. Ofaolain and L. Martines (New York, Harper and Row 1973), p. xlij. St. Odo of Cluny had earlier phrased this with almost identical wording in his Collationes, lib. 2, cap. 9 (in J. P. Migne’s Patrologia Latina (Paris, 1844-82). CXXXIII, 556), while Ancrene Riwle (below) directly refers to a similar expression in St. Bernard's Meditationes Plissimae de Cognitione Humanae Conditionis, cap. 3 (Migne, op, cit., ClXXXIN 489); The key phrases are \"stercoris saccum” and saccus stercorum” —literally, a bag of shit." }, "as:generator": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu", "@type": "as:Application", "rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer", "schema:url": "https://leaf-writer.lincsproject.ca/", "schema:softwareVersion": "3.6.0" } }]]> </rdf:Description> <rdf:Description rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld/"> <![CDATA[{ "@context": { "dcterms:created": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:created" }, "dcterms:issued": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:issued" }, "oa:motivatedBy": { "@type": "oa:Motivation" }, "@language": "en", "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#", "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#", "as": "http://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams#", "cwrc": "http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#", "dc": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/", "dcterms": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/", "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/", "geo": "http://www.geonames.org/ontology#", "oa": "http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#", "schema": "http://schema.org/", "xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#", "fabio": "https://purl.org/spar/fabio#", "bf": "http://www.openlinksw.com/schemas/bif#", "cito": "https://sparontologies.github.io/cito/current/cito.html#", "org": "http://www.w3.org/ns/org#" }, "id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2025-04/ladden_0_0_0_0_0_0.xml?note_annotation_20230423153118740", "type": "oa:Annotation", "dcterms:created": "2023-04-23T19:31:18.740Z", "dcterms:creator": { "@id": "2", "@type": [ "cwrc:NaturalPerson", "schema:Person" ], "cwrc:hasName": "Diane Jakacki" }, "oa:motivatedBy": "oa:describing", "oa:hasTarget": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2025-04/ladden_0_0_0_0_0_0.xml?note_annotation_20230423153118740#Target", "@type": "oa:SpecificResource", "oa:hasSource": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2025-04/ladden_0_0_0_0_0_0.xml", "@type": "dctypes:Text", "dc:format": "text/xml" }, "oa:renderedVia": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu", "@type": "as:Application", "rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer", "schema:softwareVersion": "3.6.0" }, "oa:hasSelector": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2025-04/ladden_0_0_0_0_0_0.xml?note_annotation_20230423153118740#Selector", "@type": "oa:XPathSelector", "rdf:value": "TEI/text/body/div[2]/p[3]/note" } }, "oa:hasBody": { "@type": "cwrc:NoteInternal", "dc:format": "text/plain", "rdf:value": "The Early English Text Society's Ancrene Riwle, ed. E. J. Dobson (London, 1972), pp. 202-203; author's translation." }, "as:generator": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu", "@type": "as:Application", "rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer", "schema:url": "https://leaf-writer.lincsproject.ca/", "schema:softwareVersion": "3.6.0" } }]]> </rdf:Description> <rdf:Description rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld/"> <![CDATA[{ "@context": { "dcterms:created": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:created" }, "dcterms:issued": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:issued" }, "oa:motivatedBy": { "@type": "oa:Motivation" }, "@language": "en", "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#", "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#", "as": "http://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams#", "cwrc": "http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#", "dc": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/", "dcterms": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/", "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/", "geo": "http://www.geonames.org/ontology#", "oa": "http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#", "schema": "http://schema.org/", "xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#", "fabio": "https://purl.org/spar/fabio#", "bf": "http://www.openlinksw.com/schemas/bif#", "cito": "https://sparontologies.github.io/cito/current/cito.html#", "org": "http://www.w3.org/ns/org#" }, "id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2025-04/ladden_0_0_0_0_0_0.xml?note_annotation_20230423153118740", "type": "oa:Annotation", "dcterms:created": "2023-04-23T19:31:18.740Z", "dcterms:creator": { "@id": "2", "@type": [ "cwrc:NaturalPerson", "schema:Person" ], "cwrc:hasName": "Diane Jakacki" }, "oa:motivatedBy": "oa:describing", "oa:hasTarget": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2025-04/ladden_0_0_0_0_0_0.xml?note_annotation_20230423153118740#Target", "@type": "oa:SpecificResource", "oa:hasSource": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2025-04/ladden_0_0_0_0_0_0.xml", "@type": "dctypes:Text", "dc:format": "text/xml" }, "oa:renderedVia": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu", "@type": "as:Application", "rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer", "schema:softwareVersion": "3.6.0" }, "oa:hasSelector": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2025-04/ladden_0_0_0_0_0_0.xml?note_annotation_20230423153118740#Selector", "@type": "oa:XPathSelector", "rdf:value": "TEI/text/body/div[2]/p[3]/note[2]" } }, "oa:hasBody": { "@type": "cwrc:NoteInternal", "dc:format": "text/plain", "rdf:value": "Salimbene, in From St. Francis to Dante: Translations from the Chronicle of the Franciscan Salimbene (1221-1288). 2nd ed., ed. and trans. G.G. Coulton (London, 1907), p. 97. and Tertullian, quoted in G.L. Simon's A History of Sex (London, New English Library, 1970). p. 71" }, "as:generator": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu", "@type": "as:Application", "rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer", "schema:url": "https://leaf-writer.lincsproject.ca/", "schema:softwareVersion": "3.6.0" } }]]> </rdf:Description> <rdf:Description rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld/"> <![CDATA[{ "@context": { "dcterms:created": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:created" }, "dcterms:issued": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:issued" }, "oa:motivatedBy": { "@type": "oa:Motivation" }, "@language": "en", "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#", "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#", "as": "http://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams#", "cwrc": "http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#", "dc": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/", "dcterms": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/", "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/", "geo": "http://www.geonames.org/ontology#", "oa": "http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#", "schema": "http://schema.org/", "xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#", "fabio": "https://purl.org/spar/fabio#", "bf": "http://www.openlinksw.com/schemas/bif#", "cito": "https://sparontologies.github.io/cito/current/cito.html#", "org": "http://www.w3.org/ns/org#" }, "id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2025-04/ladden_0_0_0_0_0_0.xml?note_annotation_20230423153118741", "type": "oa:Annotation", "dcterms:created": "2023-04-23T19:31:18.741Z", "dcterms:creator": { "@id": "2", "@type": [ "cwrc:NaturalPerson", "schema:Person" ], "cwrc:hasName": "Diane Jakacki" }, "oa:motivatedBy": "oa:describing", "oa:hasTarget": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2025-04/ladden_0_0_0_0_0_0.xml?note_annotation_20230423153118741#Target", "@type": "oa:SpecificResource", "oa:hasSource": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2025-04/ladden_0_0_0_0_0_0.xml", "@type": "dctypes:Text", "dc:format": "text/xml" }, "oa:renderedVia": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu", "@type": "as:Application", "rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer", "schema:softwareVersion": "3.6.0" }, "oa:hasSelector": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2025-04/ladden_0_0_0_0_0_0.xml?note_annotation_20230423153118741#Selector", "@type": "oa:XPathSelector", "rdf:value": "TEI/text/body/div[2]/p[3]/note[3]" } }, "oa:hasBody": { "@type": "cwrc:NoteInternal", "dc:format": "text/plain", "rdf:value": " From La Clef d'amor and La Cour d'aimer in Nina Epton's Love and the French (London, 1959), pp. 30ff " }, "as:generator": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu", "@type": "as:Application", "rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer", "schema:url": "https://leaf-writer.lincsproject.ca/", "schema:softwareVersion": "3.6.0" } }]]> </rdf:Description> <rdf:Description rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld/"> <![CDATA[{ "@context": { "dcterms:created": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:created" }, "dcterms:issued": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:issued" }, "oa:motivatedBy": { "@type": "oa:Motivation" }, "@language": "en", "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#", "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#", "as": "http://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams#", "cwrc": "http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#", "dc": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/", "dcterms": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/", "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/", "geo": "http://www.geonames.org/ontology#", "oa": "http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#", "schema": "http://schema.org/", "xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#", "fabio": "https://purl.org/spar/fabio#", "bf": "http://www.openlinksw.com/schemas/bif#", "cito": "https://sparontologies.github.io/cito/current/cito.html#", "org": "http://www.w3.org/ns/org#" }, "id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2025-04/ladden_0_0_0_0_0_0.xml?note_annotation_20230423153118742", "type": "oa:Annotation", "dcterms:created": "2023-04-23T19:31:18.742Z", "dcterms:creator": { "@id": "2", "@type": [ "cwrc:NaturalPerson", "schema:Person" ], "cwrc:hasName": "Diane Jakacki" }, "oa:motivatedBy": "oa:describing", "oa:hasTarget": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2025-04/ladden_0_0_0_0_0_0.xml?note_annotation_20230423153118742#Target", "@type": "oa:SpecificResource", "oa:hasSource": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2025-04/ladden_0_0_0_0_0_0.xml", "@type": "dctypes:Text", "dc:format": "text/xml" }, "oa:renderedVia": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu", "@type": "as:Application", "rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer", "schema:softwareVersion": "3.6.0" }, "oa:hasSelector": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2025-04/ladden_0_0_0_0_0_0.xml?note_annotation_20230423153118742#Selector", "@type": "oa:XPathSelector", "rdf:value": "TEI/text/body/div[2]/p[8]/note" } }, "oa:hasBody": { "@type": "cwrc:NoteInternal", "dc:format": "text/plain", "rdf:value": "For troubadour biographies, I have consulted Jehan de Nostredame, Les Vies des Plus Celebres et Ancien: Poetes Provencaux, ed. Camille Chabaneau (1913; rpt Geneve, 1970—first published in 1575); La Curne de Sainte-Pelaye, Histoire Litteraire des Troubadours (1774 rpt. 3 vols. in 1, Genève, 1967); and Victor Balaguer, Los Trovadores, 2nded. (Madrid, 1883). 4 vol." }, "as:generator": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu", "@type": "as:Application", "rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer", "schema:url": "https://leaf-writer.lincsproject.ca/", "schema:softwareVersion": "3.6.0" } }]]> </rdf:Description> <rdf:Description rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld/"> <![CDATA[{ "@context": { "dcterms:created": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:created" }, "dcterms:issued": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:issued" }, "oa:motivatedBy": { "@type": "oa:Motivation" }, "@language": "en", "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#", "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#", "as": "http://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams#", "cwrc": "http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#", "dc": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/", "dcterms": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/", "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/", "geo": "http://www.geonames.org/ontology#", "oa": "http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#", "schema": "http://schema.org/", "xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#", "fabio": "https://purl.org/spar/fabio#", "bf": "http://www.openlinksw.com/schemas/bif#", "cito": "https://sparontologies.github.io/cito/current/cito.html#", "org": "http://www.w3.org/ns/org#" }, "id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2025-04/ladden_0_0_0_0_0_0.xml?note_annotation_20230423153118742", "type": "oa:Annotation", "dcterms:created": "2023-04-23T19:31:18.742Z", "dcterms:creator": { "@id": "2", "@type": [ "cwrc:NaturalPerson", "schema:Person" ], "cwrc:hasName": "Diane Jakacki" }, "oa:motivatedBy": "oa:describing", "oa:hasTarget": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2025-04/ladden_0_0_0_0_0_0.xml?note_annotation_20230423153118742#Target", "@type": "oa:SpecificResource", "oa:hasSource": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2025-04/ladden_0_0_0_0_0_0.xml", "@type": "dctypes:Text", "dc:format": "text/xml" }, "oa:renderedVia": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu", "@type": "as:Application", "rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer", "schema:softwareVersion": "3.6.0" }, "oa:hasSelector": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2025-04/ladden_0_0_0_0_0_0.xml?note_annotation_20230423153118742#Selector", "@type": "oa:XPathSelector", "rdf:value": "TEI/text/body/div[2]/p[10]/note" } }, "oa:hasBody": { "@type": "cwrc:NoteInternal", "dc:format": "text/plain", "rdf:value": "Jaufre was not the onty fatality of romance. Andrieu of France—eulogized by at least six troubadours —also fell victim to “too much love\" and hed never set eyes on his lady either. See Jehan de Nostredame, op. cit., pp. 166, 180" }, "as:generator": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu", "@type": "as:Application", "rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer", "schema:url": "https://leaf-writer.lincsproject.ca/", "schema:softwareVersion": "3.6.0" } }]]> </rdf:Description> <rdf:Description rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld/"> <![CDATA[{ "@context": { "dcterms:created": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:created" }, "dcterms:issued": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:issued" }, "oa:motivatedBy": { "@type": "oa:Motivation" }, "@language": "en", "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#", "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#", "as": "http://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams#", "cwrc": "http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#", "dc": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/", "dcterms": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/", "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/", "geo": "http://www.geonames.org/ontology#", "oa": "http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#", "schema": "http://schema.org/", "xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#", "fabio": "https://purl.org/spar/fabio#", "bf": "http://www.openlinksw.com/schemas/bif#", "cito": "https://sparontologies.github.io/cito/current/cito.html#", "org": "http://www.w3.org/ns/org#" }, "id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2025-04/ladden_0_0_0_0_0_0.xml?note_annotation_20230423153118743", "type": "oa:Annotation", "dcterms:created": "2023-04-23T19:31:18.743Z", "dcterms:creator": { "@id": "2", "@type": [ "cwrc:NaturalPerson", "schema:Person" ], "cwrc:hasName": "Diane Jakacki" }, "oa:motivatedBy": "oa:describing", "oa:hasTarget": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2025-04/ladden_0_0_0_0_0_0.xml?note_annotation_20230423153118743#Target", "@type": "oa:SpecificResource", "oa:hasSource": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2025-04/ladden_0_0_0_0_0_0.xml", "@type": "dctypes:Text", "dc:format": "text/xml" }, "oa:renderedVia": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu", "@type": "as:Application", "rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer", "schema:softwareVersion": "3.6.0" }, "oa:hasSelector": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2025-04/ladden_0_0_0_0_0_0.xml?note_annotation_20230423153118743#Selector", "@type": "oa:XPathSelector", "rdf:value": "TEI/text/body/div[2]/p[12]/note" } }, "oa:hasBody": { "@type": "cwrc:NoteInternal", "dc:format": "text/plain", "rdf:value": "Plutarch’s Lives, trans. Langhorne (London, Frederick Warne, n.d.). IV, 37" }, "as:generator": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu", "@type": "as:Application", "rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer", "schema:url": "https://leaf-writer.lincsproject.ca/", "schema:softwareVersion": "3.6.0" } }]]> </rdf:Description> <rdf:Description rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld/"> <![CDATA[{ "@context": { "dcterms:created": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:created" }, "dcterms:issued": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:issued" }, "oa:motivatedBy": { "@type": "oa:Motivation" }, "@language": "en", "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#", "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#", "as": "http://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams#", "cwrc": "http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#", "dc": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/", "dcterms": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/", "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/", "geo": "http://www.geonames.org/ontology#", "oa": "http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#", "schema": "http://schema.org/", "xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#", "fabio": "https://purl.org/spar/fabio#", "bf": "http://www.openlinksw.com/schemas/bif#", "cito": "https://sparontologies.github.io/cito/current/cito.html#", "org": "http://www.w3.org/ns/org#" }, "id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2025-04/ladden_0_0_0_0_0_0.xml?note_annotation_20230423153118743", "type": "oa:Annotation", "dcterms:created": "2023-04-23T19:31:18.743Z", "dcterms:creator": { "@id": "2", "@type": [ "cwrc:NaturalPerson", "schema:Person" ], "cwrc:hasName": "Diane Jakacki" }, "oa:motivatedBy": "oa:describing", "oa:hasTarget": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2025-04/ladden_0_0_0_0_0_0.xml?note_annotation_20230423153118743#Target", "@type": "oa:SpecificResource", "oa:hasSource": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2025-04/ladden_0_0_0_0_0_0.xml", "@type": "dctypes:Text", "dc:format": "text/xml" }, "oa:renderedVia": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu", "@type": "as:Application", "rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer", "schema:softwareVersion": "3.6.0" }, "oa:hasSelector": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2025-04/ladden_0_0_0_0_0_0.xml?note_annotation_20230423153118743#Selector", "@type": "oa:XPathSelector", "rdf:value": "TEI/text/body/div[2]/p[14]/note" } }, "oa:hasBody": { "@type": "cwrc:NoteInternal", "dc:format": "text/plain", "rdf:value": "Ovid's Remedia Amoris, line 405; Rolfe Humphries' translation in The Art of Love (Bloomington, 1957) p. 193" }, "as:generator": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu", "@type": "as:Application", "rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer", "schema:url": "https://leaf-writer.lincsproject.ca/", "schema:softwareVersion": "3.6.0" } }]]> </rdf:Description> <rdf:Description rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld/"> <![CDATA[{ "@context": { "dcterms:created": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:created" }, "dcterms:issued": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:issued" }, "oa:motivatedBy": { "@type": "oa:Motivation" }, "@language": "en", "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#", "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#", "as": "http://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams#", "cwrc": "http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#", "dc": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/", "dcterms": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/", "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/", "geo": "http://www.geonames.org/ontology#", "oa": "http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#", "schema": "http://schema.org/", "xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#", "fabio": "https://purl.org/spar/fabio#", "bf": "http://www.openlinksw.com/schemas/bif#", "cito": "https://sparontologies.github.io/cito/current/cito.html#", "org": "http://www.w3.org/ns/org#" }, "id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2025-04/ladden_0_0_0_0_0_0.xml?person_annotation_20230423153503042", "type": "oa:Annotation", "dcterms:created": "2023-04-23T19:35:03.042Z", "dcterms:creator": { "@id": "2", "@type": [ "cwrc:NaturalPerson", "schema:Person" ], "cwrc:hasName": "Diane Jakacki" }, "oa:motivatedBy": "oa:identifying", "oa:hasTarget": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2025-04/ladden_0_0_0_0_0_0.xml?person_annotation_20230423153503042#Target", "@type": "oa:SpecificResource", "oa:hasSource": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2025-04/ladden_0_0_0_0_0_0.xml", "@type": "dctypes:Text", "dc:format": "text/xml" }, "oa:renderedVia": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu", "@type": "as:Application", "rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer", "schema:softwareVersion": "3.6.0" }, "oa:hasSelector": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2025-04/ladden_0_0_0_0_0_0.xml?person_annotation_20230423153503042#Selector", "@type": "oa:XPathSelector", "rdf:value": "TEI/text/body/div[2]/p[4]/persName" } }, "oa:hasBody": { "@type": "cwrc:NaturalPerson", "@id": "http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q4340", "dc:format": "text/plain" }, "as:generator": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu", "@type": "as:Application", "rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer", "schema:url": "https://leaf-writer.lincsproject.ca/", "schema:softwareVersion": "3.6.0" } }]]> </rdf:Description> <rdf:Description rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld/"> <![CDATA[{ "@context": { "dcterms:created": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:created" }, "dcterms:issued": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:issued" }, "oa:motivatedBy": { "@type": "oa:Motivation" }, "@language": "en", "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#", "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#", "as": "http://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams#", "cwrc": "http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#", "dc": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/", "dcterms": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/", "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/", "geo": "http://www.geonames.org/ontology#", "oa": "http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#", "schema": "http://schema.org/", "xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#", "fabio": "https://purl.org/spar/fabio#", "bf": "http://www.openlinksw.com/schemas/bif#", "cito": "https://sparontologies.github.io/cito/current/cito.html#", "org": "http://www.w3.org/ns/org#" }, "id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2025-04/ladden_0_0_0_0_0_0.xml?person_annotation_20230423153745957", "type": "oa:Annotation", "dcterms:created": "2023-04-23T19:37:45.957Z", "dcterms:creator": { "@id": "2", "@type": [ "cwrc:NaturalPerson", "schema:Person" ], "cwrc:hasName": "Diane Jakacki" }, "oa:motivatedBy": "oa:identifying", "oa:hasTarget": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2025-04/ladden_0_0_0_0_0_0.xml?person_annotation_20230423153745957#Target", "@type": "oa:SpecificResource", "oa:hasSource": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2025-04/ladden_0_0_0_0_0_0.xml", "@type": "dctypes:Text", "dc:format": "text/xml" }, "oa:renderedVia": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu", "@type": "as:Application", "rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer", "schema:softwareVersion": "3.6.0" }, "oa:hasSelector": { "@id": 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angels laughed at me from the heavens (Raimbaut d'Orange, while some less gracious ladies chuckled from the wings.)</caption></figure> <p>The attitudes in <emph>True Romances</emph> (and in most of our pasts) originally shone forth from 12th-century troubadour poetry and even then they were a little tarnished. Chaste, idealistic and upper-class, medieval troubadour poetry supposedly countered a strong tradition of misogyny. It also supposedly elevated woman by upholding that same feminine mystique which, for centuries, the Christian fathers had diligently tried to demolish: "Corporeal beauty is nothing else but phlegm, and blood, and humor, and bile, and the fluid of masticated food...." said <persName key="John Chrysostom" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q43706">John Chrysostom</persName>, a saint, in the 4th century. "When you see a rag with any of these things on it, such as phlegm, or spittle, you cannot bear to touch it even with the tips of your fingers. . . . Are you in a flutter of excitement about the storehouses and depositories of these things?" <note type="researchNote">"An Exhortation to Theodore after His Fall," in <title key="Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q16152258" level="m">A Select Library of the Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers</title>, ed. <persName key="Philip Schaff" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q115922" type="real">Philip Schaff</persName> et al. (New York, 1889), IX, 103-104.</note></p> <p>Woman was so many layers of mucous membrane. And writings from 6 and 7 centuries later attest to the muddy strides saints and clerics had taken in the interim: "If her bowels and flesh were cut open, you would see what filth is covered by her white skin. If a fine crimson cloth covered a pile of foul dung, would anyone be foolish enough to love the dung because of it?" <note type="researchNote">From the <emph>Carmen de Mundi contemptu</emph>, quoted in <title><emph>Not in God’s Image</emph></title>, ed. <persName key="Julia O'Faolain" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q6306620">J. Ofaolain</persName> and <persName key="Lauro Martines" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q63718996">L. Martines</persName> (New York, Harper and Row 1973), p. xlij. <persName key="Odo of Cluny" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q454553">St. Odo of Cluny</persName> had earlier phrased this with almost identical wording in his <emph>Collationes</emph>, lib. 2, cap. 9 (in <persName key="Jacques Paul Migne" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q326431">J. P. Migne</persName>’s <title key="Patrologia Latina" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q548044" level="m">Patrologia Latina</title> (Paris, 1844-82). CXXXIII, 556), while Ancrene Riwle (below) directly refers to a similar expression in St. Bernard's <title>Meditationes Plissimae de Cognitione Humanae Conditionis</title>, cap. 3 (Migne, op, cit., ClXXXIN 489); The key phrases are "stercoris saccum” and saccus stercorum” —literally, a bag of shit.</note> Now, woman was simply so much manure smattered across the coprophagous pages of Christian doctrine.</p> <p> The wheels of progress kept on turning. A 13th-century work addressed itself specifically to women—three worthy recluses: "What fruit does your flesh yield from all its openings?" began their catechism. "Between the taste of mouth and smell of nose, aren’t there holes like two privy holes? Aren't you born of foul slime? Aren't you worm-food?" <note type="researchNote">The Early English Text Society's <title key="Ancrene Wisse" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q489442" level="m">Ancrene Riwle</title>, ed. <persName key="Dobson, James E." ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/187144782706114501587/">E. J. Dobson</persName> (London, 1972), pp. 202-203; author's translation.</note> To the Church, woman was simply full of shit. Yet this was the legacy bequeathed to the Middle Ages where the love of woman was a cult—an absolute prerequisite for respectability. And love flourished. Of course, misogyny continued to flourish too. Woman would still be called "a stinking rose" and "glittering mud” and "a temple built over a sewer." <note type="researchNote"><persName key="Salimbene" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q108446705">Salimbene</persName>, in <title>From St. Francis to Dante: Translations from the Chronicle of the Franciscan Salimbene</title> (1221-1288). 2nd ed., ed. and trans. <persName key="Coulton, G.G. (George Gordon), 1858-1947" ref="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1998582">G.G. Coulton</persName> (London, 1907), p. 97. and <persName key="Tertullian" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q174929">Tertullian</persName>, quoted in G.L. Simon's <title level="m">A History of Sex</title> (London, New English Library, 1970). p. 71</note> But, as sister to <persName key="Mary" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q345" type="real">Mary</persName>, she was also the mystical elevator of the masculine soul which, by its nature, gravitated toward perfection. By merely contemplating woman in her golden radiance, man could rise to spiritual heights in a kind of "gilt" by association. For somewhere between the muddy slime and the hazy castle spire, a new woman had been spawned. Like the enchanted fay (fairy) of Celtic lore, she moved softly, gliding over but never touching terra firma, surrounded by auras so fragile that they were better left unpenetrated. But these were beautiful, mysterious and promising auras, and scribes feverishly copied down the formulas for keeping them intact: "If you have ugly teeth, don't laugh with your mouth open." "Practice making pretty speeches." "Dye your hair; wear false hair if you have lost your own." <note type="researchNote"> From L<title>a Clef d'amor and La Cour d'aimer</title> in <persName key="Nina Epton" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q18705131">Nina Epton</persName>'s <title>Love and the French</title> (London, 1959), pp. 30ff </note></p> <p> <persName key="Andreas Capellanus" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q4340">Andreas Capellanus</persName>, <persName key="Jacques D'Amiens" ref="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q95795577">Jacques D'Amiens</persName>, <persName key="Robert de Blois" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1774110">Robert le Blois</persName>, <persName key="Garin lo Brun" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1778218">Garin le Brun</persName>, <persName key="Drouart la Vache" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q54834439">Drouart la Vache</persName>, <persName key="Pierre Ermangaud" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q20922145">Ermangaud</persName> and <persName key="Richard de Fournival" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q2121581">de Fournival</persName> —all added their instructions to the heap: Lie. Cheat. Drop names, if you have to. Drop dead, if you have to. Anything.</p> <p> Maintaining the mystique was the important thing, and that meant keeping the distance. It meant the ecstasy was in the wooing while sex lay in the winding down. Even the ladies understood that attainment decreased their value, and many who loftily kept their suitors well below thigh level would rather have had it otherwise. After all, as even the ladies knew: a <pb facs="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/BucknellDSC/heresies/main/issue01/images/01_045.jpg"/> lover is a vision surrounded by auras. But flesh and blood is flesh and blood... and phlegm and dung and mucous and bile and etc.</p> <p> Once woman ceased to be a symbol, she became a person, a passion, a robber of reason–a literal and metaphorical scum-bag.</p> <p> No wonder the ladies were afraid to submit. With submission, love and its raison d'être became the discarded backdrop for a fait accompli. The love was no longer ennobling (ergo: the animal soul pawed and dragged down its rational counterpart), and the woman was no longer mounted on a pedestal (ergo: with the man on top, she was mounted, period). And man's desire—well, that often died along with his suffering.</p> <p> It's natural, then, that the really legendary lovers chose the most distant and unattainable objects they could conceive of. <persName key="Guilhem de la Tor" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q3779564">Guilhem de la Tour</persName>, for instance, loved the woman he lived with. <note type="researchNote">For troubadour biographies, I have consulted <persName key="Jean de Nostredame" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1218411">Jehan de Nostredame</persName>, <title>Les Vies des Plus Celebres et Ancien: Poetes Provencaux</title>, ed. <persName key="Camille Chabaneau" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1029137">Camille Chabaneau</persName> (1913; rpt Geneve, 1970—first published in 1575); <title>La Curne de Sainte-Pelaye</title>, <title key="La Curne de Sainte-Palaye, Jean-Baptiste de, 1697-1781. | Histoire littéraire des troubadours" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/516154387331530970006/">Histoire Litteraire des Troubadours</title> (1774 rpt. 3 vols. in 1, Genève, 1967); and <persName key="Víctor Balaguer i Cirera" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q713246">Victor Balaguer</persName>, <title>Los Trovadores</title>, 2nded. (Madrid, 1883). 4 vol.</note> Now such women were worn on everyday occasions and were inevitably mundane. But Guilhem's enamorata was unearthly; in fact, she was dead. On the eve of her burial, Guilhem visited her grave and, after ten days of morbid embracing and poignant conversation (she was a good listener), he went home firm in the belief that she would rise from her tomb and come back to him. She didn't. But for years, it was only <persName>Beatrix</persName> he longed for. She was the perfect lover—mystical ethereal and unobtrusive. It was a passion that rivaled even <persName key="Jaufré Rudel" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q5260">Jaufre Rudel</persName>'s.</p> <p> Jaufre Rudel was ingenious. In an age which valued prolonged desire, he contrived a wonderful device. He fell in love with the <persName key="Hodierna of Jerusalem" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q53114">Countess of Tripoli</persName>—a woman he had never seen but whose beauty had filled his imagination so enchantingly that southern France became a glorious vantage point. And so it remained for several years until, despite the protests of his friends and patron, he resolved at last to cross the ocean to be near her. </p> <p>Maybe he just got sick. Or maybe, as his biographers prefer to believe, the anticipation of seeing her was too much for his little heart to bear. In any case, as the boat was approaching Tripoli, he apparently expired. But only apparently. For as the countess rushed to his side, her presence revived him and he pronounced himself fulfilled at last and died again in her arms— a self-extinction metaphorically equivalent to orgasm, but which Jaufre seems to have taken much too literally, since <persName key="Petrarch" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1401">Petrarch</persName> and other chroniclers affirm that this time he actually did die, and in all probability with his pants on. <note type="researchNote">Jaufre was not the onty fatality of romance. Andrieu of France—eulogized by at least six troubadours —also fell victim to “too much love" and hed never set eyes on his lady either. See Jehan de Nostredame, op. cit., pp. 166, 180</note> </p> <p> True, Jaufre was a strange and nearly legendary breed. But while to him sex must have seemed an unspeakable defilement, most were not so theoretical. Even troubadours who constantly reminded women that sex was debasing and honor was all had an ultimately sensua physicality in mind. Woman was like a fine wine. A man twirls it about, observes its color, its clarity, savoring its bouquet and rolling it around on his languishing taste-buds. And though the swallow is only the means to the end, the end is still very definitely in view. Most pleas for chastity were only lip-service. Even <persName key="Sordello" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q665165">Sordello</persName>, a troubadour who repeatedly swore he'd rather die than see a lady even taint her honor, happened to kidnap a Veronese countess and that didn't help her honor a bit. Nor did it discredit his poetry. Such scandal was irrelevant. In fact, women were irrelevant. Love was the important thing and the trick was to keep it alive as long as possible, feeding it little by ever-so-little in an extended and delicious tease. Men could nudge at the gates to the ovarian fortress, but entrance, they knew should be delayed. The ultimate object was sex; men wanted what they waited for. They just didn't want it right away. And this largely explains why other men's wives proved such suitable candidates for adoration. Forbidden, illicit, deliciously dangerous—yet slightly damaged, they promised all the more to be ultimately affordable. They were perfectly fashioned for desire.</p> <p> Desire is a tricky business. In Greece <persName key="Plutarch" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q41523">Plutarch</persName> had admired Spartan marriages where, for years, man approached his wife in darkness in secret and in haste "so as not to be satiated... there was still place for unextinguished desire." <note type="researchNote"><title key="Parallel Lives" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q842337">Plutarch’s Lives,</title> trans. Langhorne (London, Frederick Warne, n.d.). IV, 37</note> It was a useful formula and was later picked up in the Middle Ages when the notion of infrequent and clandestine meetings was embraced a lot more than the ladies were. The medieval magic of love was uncertainty. Even the romances preserved this ideal. The lady could be snatched away at any moment by a darkening scandal or a jealous husband, or be absorbed into the ethers which spawned her disappearing into the mist on a white palfrey. The knight wanted her like that: distant, pure, mysterious, virginal —a blonde Mary ascending into <pb facs="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/BucknellDSC/heresies/main/issue01/images/01_046.jpg"/> heaven, looming over the castle horizon with only a little soot on her feet suggesting that she didn’t belong there.</p> <p> Never mind that the only pure-white creature was the post-menopausal albino rabbit—or that even the ladies depicted in romance were potentially swivers of heroic proportions. Since sex distinguished the distant fay from the dung-filled floozy, relatively sexless love became prevalent, and many women—whether they liked it or not—played along.</p> <p> There were advantages, of course. Love became a rare delicacy whereas before it had been something like yesterday's leftovers. As <persName key="Ovid" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q7198">Ovid</persName>'s classical formula goes: "Pleasure coming slow is the best"; <note type="researchNote"><title key="Remedia amoris" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1236392">Ovid's Remedia Amoris</title>, line 405; <persName key="Rolfe Humphries" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q7360825">Rolfe Humphries</persName>' translation in <title>The Art of Love</title> (Bloomington, 1957) p. 193</note> meaning, the longer the foreplay the better the orgasm; meaning, some courtly couples, when they finally did come, must very nearly have blown their brains out.</p> <p> But some, for sure, were disappointed. Women were dropped, men bumbled like <persName key="Percival" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q728510" type="fictional">Perceval</persName> or—like some knights in the bawdier tales— they'd win their ladies with lots of pomp and peter out before they could even open the package, their worlds ending not with a bang but a whimper. These were particularly grateful for courtly love.</p> <p> Courtly love was a game of foreplay whose rule was often touch and go; it was an answer (and a spur) to impotence. Some knights were barely post-pubescent and many were sexually insecure, preferring rich expectations to poor reputations and one-night stands. Better to tilt about the countryside, flaunting a passion and flailing a sword (the sword had always been a metaphor for penis—"vagina" is merely Latin or "sheath"), imagining a truly magnificent sexual prowess when the real thing was maybe limp by comparison. Love by its very nature was a test, and knights were afraid to take the exam. Or sometimes, it was better to put it off than to put it in.</p> <p> Love became formalized. The knight waxed and grew pale, and waxed, and waxed, and waxed. It was blissful and aggrandizing anticipation. Too bad if a lady sometimes felt cheated—if watching her knight charging and gleaming, she secretly wished hed get off his high horse and get down to business. What could the women do? Their iron-clad men performed in the tournaments. Ramming, sweating, thrusting and galloping. . . . Ah, those impervious men in the metal suits.</p> <p> ...The only things naked were their swords.</p></div> </body> <back> <div><p>Ariene Ladden is a poet, scholar and medievalist who teaches at LaGuardia Community College in New York. She is interested in "the forces motivating culture—especially the more absurd ones," and in this spirit is now working on a cultural history of sex and power. She is also co-authoring a textbook series on literature and creative writing for children.</p></div> </back> </text> </TEI>
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The time for reformulating old positions or merely attacking sexism is past. Now we must take on the most problematic aspects of feminist theory, esthetic theory and political theory. We are not only analyzing our own oppression in order to put an end to it, but also exploring concrete ways of transforming society into one that is socially just and culturally free.</p> <p>The role of the arts and the artist in the political process is our specific arena. By confronting the very real differences in our own attitudes towards art and politics, which reflect those in the wider, feminist community, we have uncovered networks connecting a broad range of forms and ideologies. As material for the first issue came in to us, we found that no hard line could be drawn between texts and visual material. There are, therefore, few "illustrations" here, but independent statements expressed visually, verbally, or in combination, sharing the same power and the same intent, and indicating that word and image can be equal ingredients in politically effective art.</p> <p>We found no solutions to the issues raised, but we are finding approaches that feel fresher and more satisfying. Working together toward collective decisions was entirely different from working alone or as part of conventional hierarchies. Each of us worked on every page of this magazine, a slow and frustrating process, but one from which we learned a great deal about each other, about editorial and mechanical skills, about the collective process itself, about our subject—feminism, art and politics— and about what it means to be political in a real, active, living situation. We mean to go on from these beginnings and we look to the larger feminist community for participation, response and criticism. Together we can work toward some answers. We have nothing to lose but our illusions.</p> </epigraph> <byline><persName key="Joan Braderman" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q28911659">Joan Braderman</persName>, <persName key="Harmony Hammond" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q5659529">Harmony Hammond</persName>, <persName key="Elizabeth Hess" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q106878848">Elizabeth Hess</persName>, <persName key="Arlene Ladden" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q106878856">Arlene Ladden</persName>, <persName key="Lucy R. Lippard" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q137115">Lucy Lippard</persName>, <persName key="May Stevens" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q6796587">May Stevens</persName>.</byline> <p> Feminism—Art—Politics. What is their connection? In theory? In reality?</p> <p>Once there was a women's art center that was very excited about an "Art as Work" seminar I proposed. They wanted a short personal resumé to follow the course description in the catalogue — to let students know who I was, where I was coming from: Harmony Hammond is a lesbian feminist artist who has exhibited at Gallery X and Gallery Z and taught at R. University and C. University. They wanted my labels and then did not like them. No seminar. Really, I was coming on too strong. Couldn't I use a different word? Or just not say it at all? Would I be teaching art or politics? They were an "Art" center. They were afraid, they said, afraid I would jeopardize...</p> <p>Jeopardize what? Their art? Their teaching? Their students? Their bodies? Their minds? Their sexuality? Their politics? Their power? Their authority? Their thinking? They did not know, they were just afraid...</p> <p>I did not fit their concept of a feminist and therefore I was dangerous.</p> <p>Labels. The meaninglessness of labels. The power of labels. The confining. What does it mean to be a lesbian, radical feminist, activist, mother, artist? I am all of these individually and combined. It means I am political. It means I want to change existing power relationships. A list of experiences. The power of labels is the power of ideas and action combined.</p> <p>The political mother, the political artist, the political feminist, and the political lesbian refuse to be second-class. They take action by ''doing.'' They refuse to be isolated into separatist stances, and they become a total whole. They add up to what <persName key="Charlotte Bunch" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q5085869">Charlotte Bunch</persName> has called a ''non-aligned feminism"—not automatically attached to one line of feminism (socialist/left vs. reformist vs. cultural/spiritual) but rather evaluating each individual issue and situation from an independent feminist perspective.</p> <p>Lesbian. Radical feminist. Activist. Mother. Artist.</p> <p>The common denominator is woman. Women are oppressed as a class. This oppression underlies the patriarchal institutions of capitalism, imperialism, racism, and heterosexism. To end all forms of oppression we must first end the oppression of all women regardless ot sexuality or economic class, racial or cultural background.</p> <p>Lesbian. Radical feminist. Activist. Mother. Artist.</p> <p>Together they form my feminism. Feminism is my politics. My art both is formed by and is a statement of my feminism.</p> <signed>H.H.</signed> </div> <div> <p> While l'd always worked in social programs, I never considered myself a political person. Political groups so often revealed confused priorities that I inevitably ended up by questioning my own. But feminism was different–so much was personally at stake. If I questioned my commitment (how can I be amused by this or not outraged by that), I soon found I was not amused and I was outraged by things I might once have considered innocuous or simply unalterable. Feminism had become a persistent way of living and thinking and the most important awareness of my life.</p> <p>Today I trust the impulses calling out for radical change because they're rooted in a lifetime of self-analysis continuously and consistently validated by other women. Frustration, it seems, is being resolved in conviction and action and the awareness of this power has been startling to me. Needless to say, art which strengthens that awareness is exhilarating.</p> <p>I am a medievalist, I was attracted to the field by the escapist fantasies of folklore and romance. But I now feel that all art—whether ancient or modern—can be seen and judged within a feminist context.</p> <p/> <signed>A.L.</signed> </div> <div> <p> When pressed by the people who ask "What do you do?" at times I call myself an artist and then no one knows what to expect. The term is so vague and useless that it does not begin to identify a point of view. The fact that art work keeps the bourgeoisie in style, and the bourgeoisie keeps all the art, suggests that most artists don't bother with politics and ideology, instead they are united by a lifestyle: generally you must privatize your work, hang your head to the left late at night in the bars, and think deeply about how your work will be understood in the melancholic future; be concerned about your isolation from the community.</p> <p>It is difficult not to become a cynic. Opportunism knocks. Even the women's movement is another stepping stone towards critical recognition. Most people are more concerned with the objects we are producing than the world into which we place our work. I make abstract paintings and super-8 films—but not for a living. I work as an editor for a left news magazine called <title key="Seven Days" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q27717194"><emph>Seven Days</emph></title>. This is where I learned the business of developing an audience and disseminating information. <emph>Heresies</emph> is an attempt to politicize the art world; a chance to attack the history of our work as opposed to "documenting" it.</p> <p>I have been a feminist it seems ever since I noticed I was living with great difficulty; it came out during the 1960s—but that's a long story. In the 1970s, feminism has tendencies which serve merely to push liberal institutions to their farthest extremes. This has left many women caught in a dubious struggle; a recognition of strength and an inability to act. The feminist movement should not work towards gaining economic power, but towards developing a coherent ideology if we are to participate in change and work towards socialism. (You knew I'd say that.) The point is that an understanding of feminism without an analysis of class is like a long-tailed cat in a room full of rocking chairs. Capitalism is so efficient that it can sustain its own alternatives; likewise the art world—one more radical magazine.</p> <signed>E.H.</signed> </div> <pb facs="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/BucknellDSC/heresies/main/issue01/images/01_005.jpg"/> <div> <p> I am a feminist first and a socialist second, rather than a Socialist-Feminist. Not because I don't care about what happens to the oppressed men in the world. Not because I'm against an ideally democratic socialism. But because women's oppression crosses economic-class lines. It's a matter of focus. Clearly the needs of welfare-class women are most urgent and those of upper-class women are least urgent. Some socialists say that getting rid of patriarchy won't change the world. I wonder. Even in revolutionary socialist movements women must maintain an autonomous base. Revolution for Every<emph>man</emph> isn't the same as real social change; it has taken place in the past without solving the "woman question."</p> <p>In the meantime, living in a capitalist country without a strong Socialist Party provokes an irresistible urge to kill time as a liberal feminist. Even though I'm aware of the dangers of opportunism, reformism, co-optation, and all the slimy horde, I often find myself working for reform rather than revolution because I can't bear to see nothing done.</p> <p>Within the art world, this means I work to get women artists into a system I oppose. Outside, in the real world, this means I want the ERA passed because its going to make a difference in women's lives. I want to see a politically aware feminist culture and I hope that <emph>Heresies</emph> will help create it and help destroy some of the boundaries that separate women from the power to make a better society that will fit our needs as well as men's.</p> <p>(P.S. Because I'm a critic, I've been called a "class enemy" of artists, which is bullshit. I'm exploited by publishers, and perhaps editors, just as artists are exploited by galleries, and perhaps critics. I identify with artists whether or not they identify with me because long experience has shown me that our lives are more or less the same.)</p> <signed>L.R.L.</signed> <signed/> </div> <div> <p> When we decided that each of us in the first issue collective should write an individual statement to put our political differences ''out front,'' I thought it was a fine idea. But trying to write one page about my notion of how feminism relates to Marxism relates to making theory and making films was easier said than done: too much to argue in too little space. So what I wanted to do was write, "please see my article on page x'' where I’ve tried to work out some of these problems in more analytical depth. But my sister-editors said, ''write something personal." They chided me for my rhetorical style and my obsessive? academic? commitment to making ''complete'' arguments. "Who are you in all that," they asked. O.K. I'm a woman, I'm white, I'm 28. I'm a film teacher, I'm a student, I'm a writer, theorist, critic, filmmaker. I do political work—in the feminist community and with a new Coalition (July 4th) thats building toward a mass, progressive peoples' movement in this country. I guess I'm what's come to be called a cultural worker.</p> <p>Often it seems there's just not enough time in each day to do all the things that have to be done. And to earn a living, and write a dissertation, and see the art I care about, and do the laundry, and talk with students, and be with the friends I love, and see the ocean sometimes. Putting it all together, I'd often like a few clones of myself to help out. I juggle what's possible with what's not.</p> <p>Where does the fight for women fit with fighting imperialism? Does working in collectives really help change our deeply entrenched American individualism? How can ''cultural workers'' best advance these struggles? I often argue esthetics with my political comrades. Films, I say, don't have to be simplistic to communicate with mass audiences. We're all subject to subtle propaganda from Hollywood and Madison Avenue. We're all jugglers of contradictions and need to see and hear and read about alternatives to what is. We have to make films that not only say something different but say it <emph>in a different way</emph>. They have to be made in a practical political context, in a coherent theoretical context, and they have to be able to recapture the imaginations of masses of people being lulled to sleep by the crap that's sold as ''mass art." We have to find strategies for making our alternate points of view visible, making peoples' voices heard, our ideas and films seen; find ways of fighting the commercial monopolies that own the air waves, the movie screens, the mass media, that own <emph>us.</emph></p> <p>I argue politics with my feminist sisters. No more separatism, I say. I work on HERESIES to say that and also because—another contradiction—l need community in a country that is in fragments. In short, and as labor people like my grandparents always said: women, artists, men, people; we've got to get organized.</p> <signed>J.B.</signed> </div> <div> <p> What kind of socialist-feminist-artist am I?</p> <p>What kind of socialist artist loves <persName key="Jean-Baptiste Camille Corot" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q148475">Corot</persName> as well as <persName key="Gustave Courbet" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q34618">Courbet</persName> and forgives oil painting its bourgeois origins and abstract expressionism its heraldry of U.S. imperialism?</p> <p>What kind of feminist artist sees pink as a private color to be sparingly used?</p> <p>To the women's movement I would like to bring, as to art, the subtlest perceptions. To political action, I would like to bring, as to art, a precise and delicate imagination. The personal is the political only if you make it so. The connections have to be drawn. Feminism without socialism can create only utopian pockets. And the lifespan of a collective is approximately two years.</p> <p>Socialism without feminism is still patriarchy. But more smug. Try to imagine a classless society run by men. </p> <p>Trying to be part of a collective is a little like being a chameleon set on plaid. I may split apart before I get the pattern right. But somehow it seems worth the pain because I believe community is the highest goal.</p> <p>I believe every woman's life is a little better because of what we are doing.</p> <signed>M.S.</signed> </div> </body> </text> </TEI>
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"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#", "as": "http://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams#", "cwrc": "http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#", "dc": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/", "dcterms": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/", "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/", "geo": "http://www.geonames.org/ontology#", "oa": "http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#", "schema": "http://schema.org/", "xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#", "fabio": "https://purl.org/spar/fabio#", "bf": "http://www.openlinksw.com/schemas/bif#", "cito": "https://sparontologies.github.io/cito/current/cito.html#", "org": "http://www.w3.org/ns/org#" }, "id": "https://24325189-review-review-174-dy3i8j.leaf-vre.org/sites/default/files/2023-04/ladden.xml?note_annotation_20230423153118738", "type": "oa:Annotation", "dcterms:created": "2023-04-23T19:31:18.738Z", "dcterms:modified": "2023-04-23T19:31:18.738Z", "dcterms:creator": { "@id": "2", "@type": [ "cwrc:NaturalPerson", "schema:Person" ], "cwrc:hasName": "Diane Jakacki" }, "oa:motivatedBy": "oa:describing", "oa:hasTarget": { "@id": "https://24325189-review-review-174-dy3i8j.leaf-vre.org/sites/default/files/2023-04/ladden.xml?note_annotation_20230423153118738#Target", "@type": "oa:SpecificResource", "oa:hasSource": { "@id": "https://24325189-review-review-174-dy3i8j.leaf-vre.org/sites/default/files/2023-04/ladden.xml", "@type": "dctypes:Text", "dc:format": "text/xml" }, "oa:renderedVia": { "@id": "https://24325189-review-review-174-dy3i8j.leaf-vre.org", "@type": "as:Application", "rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer", "schema:softwareVersion": "3.0.0" }, "oa:hasSelector": { "@id": "https://24325189-review-review-174-dy3i8j.leaf-vre.org/sites/default/files/2023-04/ladden.xml?note_annotation_20230423153118738#Selector", "@type": "oa:XPathSelector", "rdf:value": "TEI/text/body/div[2]/p/note" } }, "oa:hasBody": { "@type": "cwrc:NoteInternal", "dc:format": "text/plain", "rdf:value": "\"An Exhortation to Theodore after His Fall,\" in A Select Library of the Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, ed. Philip Schaff et al. (New York, 1889), IX, 103-104." }, "as:generator": { "@id": "https://24325189-review-review-174-dy3i8j.leaf-vre.org", "@type": "as:Application", "rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer", "schema:url": "https://leaf-writer.lincsproject.ca/", "schema:softwareVersion": "3.0.0" } }]]> </rdf:Description> <rdf:Description rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld/"> <![CDATA[{ "@context": { "dcterms:created": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:created" }, "dcterms:issued": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:issued" }, "oa:motivatedBy": { "@type": "oa:Motivation" }, "@language": "en", "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#", "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#", "as": "http://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams#", "cwrc": "http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#", "dc": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/", "dcterms": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/", "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/", "geo": "http://www.geonames.org/ontology#", "oa": "http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#", "schema": "http://schema.org/", "xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#", "fabio": "https://purl.org/spar/fabio#", "bf": "http://www.openlinksw.com/schemas/bif#", "cito": "https://sparontologies.github.io/cito/current/cito.html#", "org": "http://www.w3.org/ns/org#" }, "id": "https://24325189-review-review-174-dy3i8j.leaf-vre.org/sites/default/files/2023-04/ladden.xml?note_annotation_20230423153118739", "type": "oa:Annotation", "dcterms:created": "2023-04-23T19:31:18.739Z", "dcterms:modified": "2023-04-23T19:31:18.739Z", "dcterms:creator": { "@id": "2", "@type": [ "cwrc:NaturalPerson", "schema:Person" ], "cwrc:hasName": "Diane Jakacki" }, "oa:motivatedBy": "oa:describing", "oa:hasTarget": { "@id": "https://24325189-review-review-174-dy3i8j.leaf-vre.org/sites/default/files/2023-04/ladden.xml?note_annotation_20230423153118739#Target", "@type": "oa:SpecificResource", "oa:hasSource": { "@id": "https://24325189-review-review-174-dy3i8j.leaf-vre.org/sites/default/files/2023-04/ladden.xml", "@type": "dctypes:Text", "dc:format": "text/xml" }, "oa:renderedVia": { "@id": "https://24325189-review-review-174-dy3i8j.leaf-vre.org", "@type": "as:Application", "rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer", "schema:softwareVersion": "3.0.0" }, "oa:hasSelector": { "@id": "https://24325189-review-review-174-dy3i8j.leaf-vre.org/sites/default/files/2023-04/ladden.xml?note_annotation_20230423153118739#Selector", "@type": "oa:XPathSelector", "rdf:value": "TEI/text/body/div[2]/p[2]/note" } }, "oa:hasBody": { "@type": "cwrc:NoteInternal", "dc:format": "text/plain", "rdf:value": "From the Carmen de Mundi contemptu, quoted in Not in God’s Image, ed. J. Ofaolain and L. Martines (New York, Harper and Row 1973), p. xlij. St. Odo of Cluny had earlier phrased this with almost identical wording in his Collationes, lib. 2, cap. 9 (in J. P. Migne’s Patrologia Latina (Paris, 1844-82). CXXXIII, 556), while Ancrene Riwle (below) directly refers to a similar expression in St. Bernard's Meditationes Plissimae de Cognitione Humanae Conditionis, cap. 3 (Migne, op, cit., ClXXXIN 489); The key phrases are \"stercoris saccum” and saccus stercorum” —literally, a bag of shit." }, "as:generator": { "@id": "https://24325189-review-review-174-dy3i8j.leaf-vre.org", "@type": "as:Application", "rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer", "schema:url": "https://leaf-writer.lincsproject.ca/", "schema:softwareVersion": "3.0.0" } }]]> </rdf:Description> <rdf:Description rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld/"> <![CDATA[{ "@context": { "dcterms:created": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:created" }, "dcterms:issued": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:issued" }, "oa:motivatedBy": { "@type": "oa:Motivation" }, "@language": "en", "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#", "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#", "as": "http://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams#", "cwrc": "http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#", "dc": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/", "dcterms": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/", "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/", "geo": "http://www.geonames.org/ontology#", "oa": "http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#", "schema": "http://schema.org/", "xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#", "fabio": "https://purl.org/spar/fabio#", "bf": "http://www.openlinksw.com/schemas/bif#", "cito": "https://sparontologies.github.io/cito/current/cito.html#", "org": "http://www.w3.org/ns/org#" }, "id": "https://24325189-review-review-174-dy3i8j.leaf-vre.org/sites/default/files/2023-04/ladden.xml?note_annotation_20230423153118740", "type": "oa:Annotation", "dcterms:created": "2023-04-23T19:31:18.740Z", "dcterms:modified": "2023-04-23T19:31:18.740Z", "dcterms:creator": { "@id": "2", "@type": [ "cwrc:NaturalPerson", "schema:Person" ], "cwrc:hasName": "Diane Jakacki" }, "oa:motivatedBy": "oa:describing", "oa:hasTarget": { "@id": "https://24325189-review-review-174-dy3i8j.leaf-vre.org/sites/default/files/2023-04/ladden.xml?note_annotation_20230423153118740#Target", "@type": "oa:SpecificResource", "oa:hasSource": { "@id": "https://24325189-review-review-174-dy3i8j.leaf-vre.org/sites/default/files/2023-04/ladden.xml", "@type": "dctypes:Text", "dc:format": "text/xml" }, "oa:renderedVia": { "@id": "https://24325189-review-review-174-dy3i8j.leaf-vre.org", "@type": "as:Application", "rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer", "schema:softwareVersion": "3.0.0" }, "oa:hasSelector": { "@id": "https://24325189-review-review-174-dy3i8j.leaf-vre.org/sites/default/files/2023-04/ladden.xml?note_annotation_20230423153118740#Selector", "@type": "oa:XPathSelector", "rdf:value": "TEI/text/body/div[2]/p[3]/note" } }, "oa:hasBody": { "@type": "cwrc:NoteInternal", "dc:format": "text/plain", "rdf:value": "The Early English Text Society's Ancrene Riwle, ed. E. J. Dobson (London, 1972), pp. 202-203; author's translation." }, "as:generator": { "@id": "https://24325189-review-review-174-dy3i8j.leaf-vre.org", "@type": "as:Application", "rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer", "schema:url": "https://leaf-writer.lincsproject.ca/", "schema:softwareVersion": "3.0.0" } }]]> </rdf:Description> <rdf:Description rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld/"> <![CDATA[{ "@context": { "dcterms:created": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:created" }, "dcterms:issued": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:issued" }, "oa:motivatedBy": { "@type": "oa:Motivation" }, "@language": "en", "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#", "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#", "as": "http://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams#", "cwrc": "http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#", "dc": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/", "dcterms": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/", "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/", "geo": "http://www.geonames.org/ontology#", "oa": "http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#", "schema": "http://schema.org/", "xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#", "fabio": "https://purl.org/spar/fabio#", "bf": "http://www.openlinksw.com/schemas/bif#", "cito": "https://sparontologies.github.io/cito/current/cito.html#", "org": "http://www.w3.org/ns/org#" }, "id": "https://24325189-review-review-174-dy3i8j.leaf-vre.org/sites/default/files/2023-04/ladden.xml?note_annotation_20230423153118740", "type": "oa:Annotation", "dcterms:created": "2023-04-23T19:31:18.740Z", "dcterms:modified": "2023-04-23T19:31:18.740Z", "dcterms:creator": { "@id": "2", "@type": [ "cwrc:NaturalPerson", "schema:Person" ], "cwrc:hasName": "Diane Jakacki" }, "oa:motivatedBy": "oa:describing", "oa:hasTarget": { "@id": "https://24325189-review-review-174-dy3i8j.leaf-vre.org/sites/default/files/2023-04/ladden.xml?note_annotation_20230423153118740#Target", "@type": "oa:SpecificResource", "oa:hasSource": { "@id": "https://24325189-review-review-174-dy3i8j.leaf-vre.org/sites/default/files/2023-04/ladden.xml", "@type": "dctypes:Text", "dc:format": "text/xml" }, "oa:renderedVia": { "@id": "https://24325189-review-review-174-dy3i8j.leaf-vre.org", "@type": "as:Application", "rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer", "schema:softwareVersion": "3.0.0" }, "oa:hasSelector": { "@id": "https://24325189-review-review-174-dy3i8j.leaf-vre.org/sites/default/files/2023-04/ladden.xml?note_annotation_20230423153118740#Selector", "@type": "oa:XPathSelector", "rdf:value": "TEI/text/body/div[2]/p[3]/note[2]" } }, "oa:hasBody": { "@type": "cwrc:NoteInternal", "dc:format": "text/plain", "rdf:value": "Salimbene, in From St. Francis to Dante: Translations from the Chronicle of the Franciscan Salimbene (1221-1288). 2nd ed., ed. and trans. G.G. Coulton (London, 1907), p. 97. and Tertullian, quoted in G.L. Simon's A Hisory of Sex (London, New English Library, 1970). p. 71" }, "as:generator": { "@id": "https://24325189-review-review-174-dy3i8j.leaf-vre.org", "@type": "as:Application", "rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer", "schema:url": "https://leaf-writer.lincsproject.ca/", "schema:softwareVersion": "3.0.0" } }]]> </rdf:Description> <rdf:Description rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld/"> <![CDATA[{ "@context": { "dcterms:created": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:created" }, "dcterms:issued": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:issued" }, "oa:motivatedBy": { "@type": "oa:Motivation" }, "@language": "en", "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#", "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#", "as": "http://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams#", "cwrc": "http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#", "dc": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/", "dcterms": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/", "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/", "geo": "http://www.geonames.org/ontology#", "oa": "http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#", "schema": "http://schema.org/", "xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#", "fabio": "https://purl.org/spar/fabio#", "bf": "http://www.openlinksw.com/schemas/bif#", "cito": "https://sparontologies.github.io/cito/current/cito.html#", "org": "http://www.w3.org/ns/org#" }, "id": "https://24325189-review-review-174-dy3i8j.leaf-vre.org/sites/default/files/2023-04/ladden.xml?note_annotation_20230423153118741", "type": "oa:Annotation", "dcterms:created": "2023-04-23T19:31:18.741Z", "dcterms:modified": "2023-04-23T19:31:18.741Z", "dcterms:creator": { "@id": "2", "@type": [ "cwrc:NaturalPerson", "schema:Person" ], "cwrc:hasName": "Diane Jakacki" }, "oa:motivatedBy": "oa:describing", "oa:hasTarget": { "@id": "https://24325189-review-review-174-dy3i8j.leaf-vre.org/sites/default/files/2023-04/ladden.xml?note_annotation_20230423153118741#Target", "@type": "oa:SpecificResource", "oa:hasSource": { "@id": "https://24325189-review-review-174-dy3i8j.leaf-vre.org/sites/default/files/2023-04/ladden.xml", "@type": "dctypes:Text", "dc:format": "text/xml" }, "oa:renderedVia": { "@id": "https://24325189-review-review-174-dy3i8j.leaf-vre.org", "@type": "as:Application", "rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer", "schema:softwareVersion": "3.0.0" }, "oa:hasSelector": { "@id": "https://24325189-review-review-174-dy3i8j.leaf-vre.org/sites/default/files/2023-04/ladden.xml?note_annotation_20230423153118741#Selector", "@type": "oa:XPathSelector", "rdf:value": "TEI/text/body/div[2]/p[3]/note[3]" } }, "oa:hasBody": { "@type": "cwrc:NoteInternal", "dc:format": "text/plain", "rdf:value": " From La Clef d'amor and La Cour d'aimer in Nina Epton's Love and the French (London, 1959), pp. 30ff " }, "as:generator": { "@id": "https://24325189-review-review-174-dy3i8j.leaf-vre.org", "@type": "as:Application", "rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer", "schema:url": "https://leaf-writer.lincsproject.ca/", "schema:softwareVersion": "3.0.0" } }]]> </rdf:Description> <rdf:Description rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld/"> <![CDATA[{ "@context": { "dcterms:created": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:created" }, "dcterms:issued": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:issued" }, "oa:motivatedBy": { "@type": "oa:Motivation" }, "@language": "en", "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#", "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#", "as": "http://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams#", "cwrc": "http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#", "dc": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/", "dcterms": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/", "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/", "geo": "http://www.geonames.org/ontology#", "oa": "http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#", "schema": "http://schema.org/", "xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#", "fabio": "https://purl.org/spar/fabio#", "bf": "http://www.openlinksw.com/schemas/bif#", "cito": "https://sparontologies.github.io/cito/current/cito.html#", "org": "http://www.w3.org/ns/org#" }, "id": "https://24325189-review-review-174-dy3i8j.leaf-vre.org/sites/default/files/2023-04/ladden.xml?note_annotation_20230423153118742", "type": "oa:Annotation", "dcterms:created": "2023-04-23T19:31:18.742Z", "dcterms:modified": "2023-04-23T19:31:18.742Z", "dcterms:creator": { "@id": "2", "@type": [ "cwrc:NaturalPerson", "schema:Person" ], "cwrc:hasName": "Diane Jakacki" }, "oa:motivatedBy": "oa:describing", "oa:hasTarget": { "@id": "https://24325189-review-review-174-dy3i8j.leaf-vre.org/sites/default/files/2023-04/ladden.xml?note_annotation_20230423153118742#Target", "@type": "oa:SpecificResource", "oa:hasSource": { "@id": "https://24325189-review-review-174-dy3i8j.leaf-vre.org/sites/default/files/2023-04/ladden.xml", "@type": "dctypes:Text", "dc:format": "text/xml" }, "oa:renderedVia": { "@id": "https://24325189-review-review-174-dy3i8j.leaf-vre.org", "@type": "as:Application", "rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer", "schema:softwareVersion": "3.0.0" }, "oa:hasSelector": { "@id": "https://24325189-review-review-174-dy3i8j.leaf-vre.org/sites/default/files/2023-04/ladden.xml?note_annotation_20230423153118742#Selector", "@type": "oa:XPathSelector", "rdf:value": "TEI/text/body/div[2]/p[8]/note" } }, "oa:hasBody": { "@type": "cwrc:NoteInternal", "dc:format": "text/plain", "rdf:value": "For troubadour biographies, 1 have consulted Jehan de Nostredame, Les Vies des Plus Celebres et Ancien: Poetes Provencaux, ed. Camille Chabaneau (1913; rpt Geneve, 1970—first published in 1575); La Curne de Sainte-Pelaye, Histoire Litteraire des Troubadours (1774 rpt. 3 vols. in 1, Genève, 1967); and Victor Balaguer, Los Trovadores, 2nded. (Madrid, 1883). 4 vol." }, "as:generator": { "@id": "https://24325189-review-review-174-dy3i8j.leaf-vre.org", "@type": "as:Application", "rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer", "schema:url": "https://leaf-writer.lincsproject.ca/", "schema:softwareVersion": "3.0.0" } }]]> </rdf:Description> <rdf:Description rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld/"> <![CDATA[{ "@context": { "dcterms:created": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:created" }, "dcterms:issued": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:issued" }, "oa:motivatedBy": { "@type": "oa:Motivation" }, "@language": "en", "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#", "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#", "as": "http://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams#", "cwrc": "http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#", "dc": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/", "dcterms": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/", "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/", "geo": "http://www.geonames.org/ontology#", "oa": "http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#", "schema": "http://schema.org/", "xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#", "fabio": "https://purl.org/spar/fabio#", "bf": "http://www.openlinksw.com/schemas/bif#", "cito": "https://sparontologies.github.io/cito/current/cito.html#", "org": "http://www.w3.org/ns/org#" }, "id": "https://24325189-review-review-174-dy3i8j.leaf-vre.org/sites/default/files/2023-04/ladden.xml?note_annotation_20230423153118742", "type": "oa:Annotation", "dcterms:created": "2023-04-23T19:31:18.742Z", "dcterms:modified": "2023-04-23T19:31:18.742Z", "dcterms:creator": { "@id": "2", "@type": [ "cwrc:NaturalPerson", "schema:Person" ], "cwrc:hasName": "Diane Jakacki" }, "oa:motivatedBy": "oa:describing", "oa:hasTarget": { "@id": "https://24325189-review-review-174-dy3i8j.leaf-vre.org/sites/default/files/2023-04/ladden.xml?note_annotation_20230423153118742#Target", "@type": "oa:SpecificResource", "oa:hasSource": { "@id": "https://24325189-review-review-174-dy3i8j.leaf-vre.org/sites/default/files/2023-04/ladden.xml", "@type": "dctypes:Text", "dc:format": "text/xml" }, "oa:renderedVia": { "@id": "https://24325189-review-review-174-dy3i8j.leaf-vre.org", "@type": "as:Application", "rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer", "schema:softwareVersion": "3.0.0" }, "oa:hasSelector": { "@id": "https://24325189-review-review-174-dy3i8j.leaf-vre.org/sites/default/files/2023-04/ladden.xml?note_annotation_20230423153118742#Selector", "@type": "oa:XPathSelector", "rdf:value": "TEI/text/body/div[2]/p[10]/note" } }, "oa:hasBody": { "@type": "cwrc:NoteInternal", "dc:format": "text/plain", "rdf:value": "Jaufre was not the onty fatality of romance. Andrieu of France—eulogized by at least six troubadours —also fell victim to “too much love\" and hed never set eyes on his lady either. See Jehan de Nostredame, op. cit., pp. 166, 180" }, "as:generator": { "@id": "https://24325189-review-review-174-dy3i8j.leaf-vre.org", "@type": "as:Application", "rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer", "schema:url": "https://leaf-writer.lincsproject.ca/", "schema:softwareVersion": "3.0.0" } }]]> </rdf:Description> <rdf:Description rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld/"> <![CDATA[{ "@context": { "dcterms:created": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:created" }, "dcterms:issued": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:issued" }, "oa:motivatedBy": { "@type": "oa:Motivation" }, "@language": "en", "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#", "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#", "as": "http://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams#", "cwrc": "http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#", "dc": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/", "dcterms": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/", "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/", "geo": "http://www.geonames.org/ontology#", "oa": "http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#", "schema": "http://schema.org/", "xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#", "fabio": "https://purl.org/spar/fabio#", "bf": "http://www.openlinksw.com/schemas/bif#", "cito": "https://sparontologies.github.io/cito/current/cito.html#", "org": "http://www.w3.org/ns/org#" }, "id": "https://24325189-review-review-174-dy3i8j.leaf-vre.org/sites/default/files/2023-04/ladden.xml?note_annotation_20230423153118743", "type": "oa:Annotation", "dcterms:created": "2023-04-23T19:31:18.743Z", "dcterms:modified": "2023-04-23T19:31:18.743Z", "dcterms:creator": { "@id": "2", "@type": [ "cwrc:NaturalPerson", "schema:Person" ], "cwrc:hasName": "Diane Jakacki" }, "oa:motivatedBy": "oa:describing", "oa:hasTarget": { "@id": "https://24325189-review-review-174-dy3i8j.leaf-vre.org/sites/default/files/2023-04/ladden.xml?note_annotation_20230423153118743#Target", "@type": "oa:SpecificResource", "oa:hasSource": { "@id": "https://24325189-review-review-174-dy3i8j.leaf-vre.org/sites/default/files/2023-04/ladden.xml", "@type": "dctypes:Text", "dc:format": "text/xml" }, "oa:renderedVia": { "@id": "https://24325189-review-review-174-dy3i8j.leaf-vre.org", "@type": "as:Application", "rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer", "schema:softwareVersion": "3.0.0" }, "oa:hasSelector": { "@id": "https://24325189-review-review-174-dy3i8j.leaf-vre.org/sites/default/files/2023-04/ladden.xml?note_annotation_20230423153118743#Selector", "@type": "oa:XPathSelector", "rdf:value": "TEI/text/body/div[2]/p[12]/note" } }, "oa:hasBody": { "@type": "cwrc:NoteInternal", "dc:format": "text/plain", "rdf:value": "Plutarch’s Lives, trans. Langhorne (London, Frederick Warne, n.d.). IV, 37" }, "as:generator": { "@id": "https://24325189-review-review-174-dy3i8j.leaf-vre.org", "@type": "as:Application", "rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer", "schema:url": "https://leaf-writer.lincsproject.ca/", "schema:softwareVersion": "3.0.0" } }]]> </rdf:Description> <rdf:Description rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld/"> <![CDATA[{ "@context": { "dcterms:created": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:created" }, "dcterms:issued": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:issued" }, "oa:motivatedBy": { "@type": "oa:Motivation" }, "@language": "en", "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#", "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#", "as": "http://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams#", "cwrc": "http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#", "dc": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/", "dcterms": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/", "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/", "geo": "http://www.geonames.org/ontology#", "oa": "http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#", "schema": "http://schema.org/", 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"dc:format": "text/xml" }, "oa:renderedVia": { "@id": "https://24325189-review-review-174-dy3i8j.leaf-vre.org", "@type": "as:Application", "rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer", "schema:softwareVersion": "3.0.0" }, "oa:hasSelector": { "@id": "https://24325189-review-review-174-dy3i8j.leaf-vre.org/sites/default/files/2023-04/ladden.xml?note_annotation_20230423153118743#Selector", "@type": "oa:XPathSelector", "rdf:value": "TEI/text/body/div[2]/p[14]/note" } }, "oa:hasBody": { "@type": "cwrc:NoteInternal", "dc:format": "text/plain", "rdf:value": "Ovid's Remedia Amoris, line 405; Rolfe Humphries' translation in The Art of Love (Bloomington, 1957) p. 193" }, "as:generator": { "@id": "https://24325189-review-review-174-dy3i8j.leaf-vre.org", "@type": "as:Application", "rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer", "schema:url": "https://leaf-writer.lincsproject.ca/", "schema:softwareVersion": "3.0.0" } }]]> </rdf:Description> <rdf:Description rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld/"> <![CDATA[{ "@context": { 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wings.)</caption></figure> <p>The attitudes in True Romances (and in most of our pasts) originally shone forth from 12th-century troubadour poetry and even then they were a little tarnished. Chaste, idealistic and upper-ciass, medieval troubadour poetry supposedly countered a strong tradition of misogyny. It also supposedly elevated woman by upholding that same feminine mystique which, for centuries, the Christian fathers had diligently) tried to demolish: “Corporeal beauty is nothing else but phlegm, and blood, and humor, and bile, and the fluid of masticated food.... " said <persName key="John Chrysostom" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q43706">John Chrysostom</persName>, a saint, in the 4th century. "When you see a rag with any of these things on it, such as phlegm, or spittle, you cannot bear to touch it even with the tips of your fingers. . . . Are you in a flutter of excitement about the storehouses and depositories of these things?" <note type="researchNote">"An Exhortation to Theodore after His Fall," in <title key="Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q16152258" level="m">A Select Library of the Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers</title>, ed. <persName key="Philip Schaff" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q115922" type="real">Philip Schaff</persName> et al. (New York, 1889), IX, 103-104.</note></p> <p>Woman was so many layers of mucous membrane. And writings from 6 and 7 centuries later attest to the muddy strides saints and clerics had taken in the interim: "If her bowels and flesh were cut open, you would see what filth is covered by her white skin. If a fine crimson cloth covered a pile of foul dung, would anyone be foolish enough to love the dung because of it?" <note type="researchNote">From the Carmen de Mundi contemptu, quoted in <title>Not in God’s Image</title>, ed. J. Ofaolain and L. Martines (New York, Harper and Row 1973), p. xlij. <persName key="Odo of Cluny" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q454553">St. Odo of Cluny</persName> had earlier phrased this with almost identical wording in his <title key="Collationes" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q21436484">Collationes</title>, lib. 2, cap. 9 (in J. P. Migne’s <title key="Patrologia Latina" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q548044" level="m">Patrologia Latina</title> (Paris, 1844-82). CXXXIII, 556), while Ancrene Riwle (below) directly refers to a similar expression in St. Bernard's <title>Meditationes Plissimae de Cognitione Humanae Conditionis</title>, cap. 3 (Migne, op, cit., ClXXXIN 489); The key phrases are "stercoris saccum” and saccus stercorum” —literally, a bag of shit.</note> Now, woman was simply so much manure smattered across the coprophagous pages of Christian doctrine.</p> <p> The wheels of progress kept on turning. A 3th-century work addressed itself specifically to women—three worthy recluses: "What fruit does your flesh yield from all its openings?" began their catechism. “Between the taste of mouth and smell of nose, aren’t there holes like two privy holes? Aren't you born of foul slime? Aren't you worm-food? <note type="researchNote">The Early English Text Society's <title key="Ancrene Wisse" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q489442" level="m">Ancrene Riwle</title>, ed. <persName key="Dobson, James E." ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/187144782706114501587/">E. J. Dobson</persName> (London, 1972), pp. 202-203; author's translation.</note> To the Church, woman was simply full of shit. Yet this was the legacy bequeathed to the Middle Ages where the love of woman was a cult—an absolute prerequisite for respectability. And love flourished. Of course, misogyny continued to flourish too. Woman would still be called "a stinking rose" and "glittering mud” and “a temple built over a sewer." <note type="researchNote"><persName key="Salimbene" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q108446705">Salimbene</persName>, in <title>From St. Francis to Dante: Translations from the Chronicle of the Franciscan Salimbene</title> (1221-1288). 2nd ed., ed. and trans. <persName key="Coulton, G.G. (George Gordon), 1858-1947" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/95255424/">G.G. Coulton</persName> (London, 1907), p. 97. and <persName key="Tertullian" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q174929">Tertullian</persName>, quoted in G.L. Simon's <title level="m">A Hisory of Sex</title> (London, New English Library, 1970). p. 71</note> But, as sister to Mary, she was also the mystical elevator of the masculine soul which, by its nature, gravitated toward perfection. By merely contemplating woman in her golden radiance, man could rise to spiritual heights in a kind of "gilt” by association. For somewhere between the muddy slime and the hazy castle spire, a new woman had been spawned. Like the enchanted fay (fairy) of Celtic lore, she moved softly, gliding over but never touching terra firma, surrounded by auras so fragile that they were better left unpenetrated. But these were beautiful, mysterious and promising auras, and scribes feverishly copied down the formulas for keeping them intact: "If you have ugly teeth, don't laugh with your mouth open." "Practice making pretty speeches. “ "Dye your hair; wear false hair if you have lost your own." <note type="researchNote"> From L<title>a Clef d'amor and La Cour d'aimer</title> in <persName key="Nina Epton" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q18705131">Nina Epton</persName>'s <title>Love and the French</title> (London, 1959), pp. 30ff </note></p> <p> <persName key="Andreas Capellanus" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q4340">Andreas Capellanus</persName>, <persName key="Jacques D'Amiens" ref="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q95795577">Jacques D'Amiens</persName>, <persName key="Robert de Blois" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1774110">Robert le Blois</persName>, <persName key="Garin lo Brun" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1778218">Garin le Brun</persName>, <persName key="Drouart la Vache" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q54834439">Drouart la Vache</persName>, <persName key="Pierre Ermangaud" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q20922145">Ermangau</persName> and <persName key="Richard de Fournival" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q2121581">de Fournival</persName> —all added their instructions to the heap: Lie. Cheat. Drop names, if you have to. Drop dead, if you have to. Anything.</p> <p> Maintaining the mystique was the important thing, and that meant keeping the distance. It meant the ecstasy was in the wooing while sex lay in the winding down. Even the ladies understood that attainment decreased their value, and many who loftily kept their suitors well below thigh level would rather have had it otherwise. After all, as even the ladies knew: a <pb facs="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/BucknellDSC/heresies/main/issue01/images/01_045.jpg"/> lover is a vision surrounded by auras. But flesh and blood is flesh and blood... and phlegm and dung and mucous and bile and etc.</p> <p> Once woman ceased to be a symbol, she became a person, a passion, a robber of reason–a literal and metaphorical scum-bag.</p> <p> No wonder the ladies were afraid to submit. With submission, love and its raison d'être became the discarded backdrop for a fait accompli. The love was no longer ennobling (ergo: the animal soul pawed and dragged down its rational counterpart), and the woman was no longer mounted on a pedestal (ergo: with the man on top, she was mounted, period). And man’s desire—well, that often died along with his suffering.</p> <p> It’s natural, then, that the really legendary lovers chose the most distant and unattainable objects they couid conceive of. <persName key="Guilhem de la Tor" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q3779564">Guilhem de la Tour</persName>, for instance, loved the woman he lived with. <note type="researchNote">For troubadour biographies, 1 have consulted <persName key="Jean de Nostredame" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1218411">Jehan de Nostredame</persName>, <title>Les Vies des Plus Celebres et Ancien: Poetes Provencaux</title>, ed. <persName key="Camille Chabaneau" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1029137">Camille Chabaneau</persName> (1913; rpt Geneve, 1970—first published in 1575); La Curne de Sainte-Pelaye, <title key="La Curne de Sainte-Palaye, Jean-Baptiste de, 1697-1781. | Histoire littéraire des troubadours" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/516154387331530970006/">Histoire Litteraire des Troubadours</title> (1774 rpt. 3 vols. in 1, Genève, 1967); and <persName key="Víctor Balaguer i Cirera" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q713246">Victor Balaguer</persName>, <title>Los Trovadores</title>, 2nded. (Madrid, 1883). 4 vol.</note> Now such women were worn on everyday occasions and were inevitably mundane. But Guilhem’s enamorata was unearthly; in fact, she was dead. On the eve of her burial, Guilhem visited her grave and, after ten days of morbid embracing and poignant conversation (she was a good listener), he went home firm in the belief that she would rise from her tomb and come back to him. She didn't. But for years, it was only Beatrix he longed for. She was the perfect lover—mystical ethereal and unobtrusive. It was a passion that rivaled even Jaufre Rudel's.</p> <p> <persName key="Jaufre Rudel" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q5260">Jaufre Rudel</persName> was ingenious. In an age which valued prolonged desire, he contrived a wonderful device. He fell in love with the Countess of Tripoli—a woman he had never seen but whose beauty had filled his imagination so enchantingly that southern France became a glorious vantage point. And so it remained for several years until, despite the protests of his friends and patron, he resolved at last to cross the ocean to be near her. </p> <p>Maybe he just got sick. Or maybe, as his biographers prefer to believe, the anticipation of seeing her was too much for his little heart to bear. In any case, as the boat was approaching <placeName key="Tripoli" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q3579">Tripoli</placeName>, he apparently expired. But only apparently. For as the countess rushed to his side, her presence revived him and he pronounced himself fulfilled at last and died again in her arms— a self-extinction metaphorically equivalent to orgasm, but which Jaufre seems to have taken much too literally, since <persName key="Petrarch" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1401">Petrarch</persName> and other chroniclers affirm that this time he actually did die, and in all probability with his pants on. <note type="researchNote">Jaufre was not the onty fatality of romance. Andrieu of France—eulogized by at least six troubadours —also fell victim to “too much love" and hed never set eyes on his lady either. See Jehan de Nostredame, op. cit., pp. 166, 180</note> </p> <p> True, Jaufre was a strange and nearly legendary breed. But while to him sex must have seemed an unspeakable defilement, most were not so theoretical. Even troubadours who constantly reminded women that sex was debasing and honor was all had an ultimately sensua physicality in mind. Woman was like a fine wine. A man twirls it about, observes its color, its clarity, savoring its bouquet and rolling it around on his languishing taste-buds. And though the swallow is only the means to the end, the end is still very definitely in view. Most pleas for chastity were only lip-service. Even <persName key="Sordello" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q665165">Sordello</persName>, a troubadour who repeatedly swore he’d rather die than see a lady even taint her honor, happened to kidnap a Veronese countess and that didn’t help her honor a bit. Nor did it discredit his poetry. Such scandal was irrelevant. In fact, women were irrelevant. Love was the important thing and the trick was to keep it alive as long as possible, feeding it little by ever-so-little in an extended and delicious tease. Men could nudge at the gates to the ovarian fortress, but entrance, they knew should be delayed. The uitimate object was sex; men wanted what they waited for. They just didn’t want it right away. And this largely explains why other men’s wives proved such suitable candidates for adoration. Forbidden, llicit, deliciously dangerous—yet slightly damaged, they promised all the more to be ultimately affordable. They were perfectly fashioned for desire.</p> <p> Desire is a tricky business. In Greece <persName key="Plutarch" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q41523">Plutarch</persName> had admired Spartan marriages where, for years, man approached his wife in darkness in secret and in haste "so as not to be satiated... there was still place for unextinguished desire." <note type="researchNote"><title key="Parallel Lives" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q842337">Plutarch’s Lives,</title> trans. Langhorne (London, Frederick Warne, n.d.). IV, 37</note> It was a useful formula and was later picked up in the Middle Ages when the notion of infre- quent and clandestine meetings was embraced a lot more than the ladies were. The medieval magic of love was uncertainty. Even the romances preserved this ideal. The lady could be snatched away at any moment by a darkening scandal or a jealous husband, or be absorbed into the ethers which spawned her disappearing into the mist on a white palfrey. The knight wanted her like that: distant, pure, mysterious, virginal —a blonde Mary ascending into <pb facs="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/BucknellDSC/heresies/main/issue01/images/01_046.jpg"/> heaven, looming over the castle horizon with only a little soot on her feet suggesting that she didn’t belong there.</p> <p> Never mind that the only pure-white creature was the post-menopausal albino rabbit—or that even the ladies depicted in romance were potentially swivers of heroic proportions. Since sex distinguished the distant fay from the dung-filled floozy, relatively sexless love became prevalent, and many women—whether they liked it or not—played along.</p> <p> There were advantages, of course. Love became a rare delicacy whereas before it had been something like yesterday’s leftovers. As Ovid's classical formula goes: "Pleasure coming slow is the best”; <note type="researchNote"><title key="Remedia amoris" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1236392">Ovid's Remedia Amoris</title>, line 405; <persName key="Rolfe Humphries" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q7360825">Rolfe Humphries</persName>' translation in <title>The Art of Love</title> (Bloomington, 1957) p. 193</note> meaning, the longer the foreplay the better the orgasm; meaning, some courtly couples, when they finally did come, must very nearly have blown their brains out.</p> <p> But some, for sure, were disappointed. Women were dropped, men bumbled like <persName key="Percival" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q728510" type="fictional">Perceval</persName> or—like some knights in the bawdier tales— they'd win their ladies with lots of pomp and peter out before they could even open the package, their worlds ending not with a bang but a whimper. These were particularly grateful for courtly love.</p> <p> Courtly love was a game of foreplay whose rule was often touch and go; it was an answet (and a spur) to impotence. Some knights were barely post-pubescent and many were sexually insecure, preferring rich expectations to poor reputations and one-night stands. Better to tilt about the countryside, flaunting a passion and flailing a sword (the sword had always been a metaphor for penis—"vagina” is merely Latin or "sheath"), imagining a truly magnificent sexual prowess when the real thing was maybe limp by comparison. Love by its very nature was a test, and knights were afraid to take the exam. Or sometimes, it was better to put it off than to put it in.</p> <p> Love became formalized. The knight waxed and grew pale, and waxed, and waxed, and waxed. It was blissful and aggrandizing anticipation. Too bad if a lady sometimes felt cheated—if watching her knight charging and gleaming, she secretly wished hed get off his high horse and get down to business. What could the women do? Their iron-clad men performed in the tournaments. Ramming, sweating, thrusting and galloping. . . . Ah, those impervious men in the metal suits.</p> <p> ...The only things naked were their swords.</p></div> </body> <back> <div><p>Ariene Ladden is a poet, scholar and medievalist who teaches at <orgName key="LaGuardia Community College" ref="http://dbpedia.org/resource/LaGuardia_Community_College">LaCuardia Community College</orgName> in New York. She is interested in “the forces motivating culture—especially the more absurd ones," and in this spirit is now working on a cultural history of sex and power. She is also co-authoring a textbook series on literature and creative writing for children.</p></div> </back> </text> </TEI>
