Document <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><?xml-model href="http://www.tei-c.org/release/xml/tei/custom/schema/relaxng/tei_all.rng" type="application/xml" schematypens="http://relaxng.org/ns/structure/1.0"?><?xml-stylesheet type="text/css" href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/BucknellDSC/heresies/main/CSS/heresies_cwrc.css"?><TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"> <teiHeader> <fileDesc> <titleStmt> <title>By the Lakeside There is an Echo</title> <author>Valerie Hollister</author> <author>Elizabeth Weatherford</author> <respStmt> <persName>Haley Beardsley</persName> <resp>Editor (2021- Present)</resp> </respStmt> <respStmt> <persName>Erica Delsandro</persName> <resp>Investigator, editor</resp> </respStmt> <respStmt> <persName>Mia DeRoco</persName> <resp>Editor (2023-Present)</resp> </respStmt> <respStmt> <persName>Margaret Hunter</persName> <resp>Editor (2021-Present)</resp> </respStmt> <respStmt> <persName>Diane Jakacki</persName> <resp>Invesigator, encoder</resp> </respStmt> <respStmt> <persName>Sophie McQuaide</persName> <resp>Editor (2021-2023)</resp> </respStmt> <respStmt> <persName>Olivia Martin</persName> <resp>Editor, encoder (2021)</resp> </respStmt> <respStmt> <persName>Zoha Nadeer</persName> <resp>Editor (2022-Present)</resp> </respStmt> <respStmt> <persName>Bri Perea</persName> <resp>Editor (2022-23)</resp> </respStmt> <respStmt> <persName>Carrie Pirmann</persName> <resp>HTR editor, encoder (2023-Present)</resp> </respStmt> <respStmt> <persName>Ricky Rodriguez</persName> <resp>Editor (2022-2023)</resp> </respStmt> <respStmt> <persName>Roger Rothman</persName> <resp>Investigator, editor</resp> </respStmt> <respStmt> <persName>Kaitlyn Segreti</persName> <resp>Editor (2021-Present)</resp> </respStmt> <respStmt> <persName>Maggie Smith</persName> <resp>Editor (2021-Present)</resp> </respStmt> <respStmt> <persName>Maya Wadhwa</persName> <resp>Editor (2021-2023)</resp> </respStmt> <respStmt> <persName>Lucy Wadswoth</persName> <resp>Editor (2022-Present)</resp> </respStmt> <respStmt> <persName>Anna Marie Wingard</persName> <resp>Editor (2023-Present)</resp> </respStmt> <funder>Bucknell University Humanities Center</funder> <funder>Bucknell University Office of Undergraduate Research</funder> <funder>The Mellon Foundation</funder> <funder>National Endowment for the Humanities</funder> </titleStmt> <publicationStmt> <distributor> <name>Bucknell University</name> <address> <street>One Dent Drive</street> <settlement>Lewisburg</settlement> <region>Pennsylvania</region> <postCode>17837</postCode> </address> </distributor> <availability> <licence>Bucknell Heresies Project: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)</licence> <licence>Heresies journal: © Heresies Collective</licence> </availability> </publicationStmt> <sourceDesc> <biblStruct> <analytic> <title>[ISSUE TITLE]</title> </analytic> <monogr> <imprint> <publisher>HERESIES: A Feminist Publication on Art and Politics</publisher> <pubPlace> <address> <name>Heresies</name> <postBox>P.O. Boxx 766, Canal Street Station</postBox> <settlement>New York</settlement> <region>New York</region> <postCode>10013</postCode> </address> </pubPlace> </imprint> </monogr> </biblStruct> </sourceDesc> </fileDesc> <xenoData><rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#" xmlns:as="http://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams#" xmlns:cwrc="http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:dcterms="http://purl.org/dc/terms/" xmlns:foaf="http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/" xmlns:geo="http://www.geonames.org/ontology#" xmlns:oa="http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#" xmlns:schema="http://schema.org/" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#" xmlns:fabio="https://purl.org/spar/fabio#" xmlns:bf="http://www.openlinksw.com/schemas/bif#" xmlns:cito="https://sparontologies.github.io/cito/current/cito.html#" xmlns:org="http://www.w3.org/ns/org#"> <rdf:Description rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld/"> 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"http://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams#", "cwrc": "http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#", "dc": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/", "dcterms": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/", "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/", "geo": "http://www.geonames.org/ontology#", "oa": "http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#", "schema": "http://schema.org/", "xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#", "fabio": "https://purl.org/spar/fabio#", "bf": "http://www.openlinksw.com/schemas/bif#", "cito": "https://sparontologies.github.io/cito/current/cito.html#", "org": "http://www.w3.org/ns/org#" }, "id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2024-10/holliser-weatherford.xml?note_annotation_20241028105633487", "type": "oa:Annotation", "dcterms:created": "2024-10-28T14:56:33.487Z", "dcterms:modified": "2024-10-28T14:56:33.487Z", "dcterms:creator": { "@id": "9", "@type": [ "cwrc:NaturalPerson", "schema:Person" ], "cwrc:hasName": "Diane Jakacki" }, "oa:motivatedBy": "oa:describing", "oa:hasTarget": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2024-10/holliser-weatherford.xml?note_annotation_20241028105633487#Target", "@type": "oa:SpecificResource", "oa:hasSource": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2024-10/holliser-weatherford.xml", "@type": "dctypes:Text", "dc:format": "text/xml" }, "oa:renderedVia": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu", "@type": "as:Application", "rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer", "schema:softwareVersion": "3.5.0" }, "oa:hasSelector": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2024-10/holliser-weatherford.xml?note_annotation_20241028105633487#Selector", "@type": "oa:XPathSelector", "rdf:value": "TEI/text/body/div/div/p/note" } }, "oa:hasBody": { "@type": "cwrc:NoteScholarly", "dc:format": "text/plain", "rdf:value": "Tribal and peasant societies, with\n\t\t\t\t\t\ta nonmechanized technology, and with much social and political life centered\n\t\t\t\t\t\ton a kin group consisting of many generations connected by blood or marriage\n\t\t\t\t\t\tties, not partaking indigenously of the Western cultural or economic\n\t\t\t\t\t\ttradition." }, "as:generator": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu", "@type": "as:Application", "rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer", "schema:url": "https://leaf-writer.lincsproject.ca/", "schema:softwareVersion": "3.5.0" } }]]> </rdf:Description> <rdf:Description rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld/"> <![CDATA[{ "@context": { "dcterms:created": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:created" }, "dcterms:issued": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:issued" }, "oa:motivatedBy": { "@type": "oa:Motivation" }, "@language": "en", "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#", "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#", "as": "http://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams#", "cwrc": "http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#", "dc": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/", "dcterms": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/", "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/", "geo": "http://www.geonames.org/ontology#", "oa": "http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#", "schema": "http://schema.org/", "xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#", "fabio": "https://purl.org/spar/fabio#", "bf": "http://www.openlinksw.com/schemas/bif#", "cito": "https://sparontologies.github.io/cito/current/cito.html#", "org": "http://www.w3.org/ns/org#" }, "id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2024-10/holliser-weatherford.xml?note_annotation_20241028105633488", "type": "oa:Annotation", "dcterms:created": "2024-10-28T14:56:33.488Z", "dcterms:modified": "2024-10-28T14:56:33.488Z", "dcterms:creator": { "@id": "9", "@type": [ "cwrc:NaturalPerson", "schema:Person" ], "cwrc:hasName": "Diane Jakacki" }, "oa:motivatedBy": "oa:describing", "oa:hasTarget": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2024-10/holliser-weatherford.xml?note_annotation_20241028105633488#Target", "@type": "oa:SpecificResource", "oa:hasSource": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2024-10/holliser-weatherford.xml", "@type": "dctypes:Text", "dc:format": "text/xml" }, "oa:renderedVia": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu", "@type": "as:Application", "rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer", "schema:softwareVersion": "3.5.0" }, "oa:hasSelector": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2024-10/holliser-weatherford.xml?note_annotation_20241028105633488#Selector", "@type": "oa:XPathSelector", "rdf:value": "TEI/text/body/div/div[2]/p/note" } }, "oa:hasBody": { "@type": "cwrc:NoteScholarly", "dc:format": "text/plain", "rdf:value": "1. P. Amaury\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTalbot, Tribes of the Niger Delta\n\t\t\t\t\t\t(London: Sheldon Press, 1932), p. 94 and figures. In this and other works\n\t\t\t\t\t\tTalbot describes the roles of Nigerian women in the various cults of their\n\t\t\t\t\t\ttribes. These may include the making of figurines, symbol-laden pots, and\n\t\t\t\t\t\twall decorations of shrines. It is unclear if women created figures for\n\t\t\t\t\t\tmbari houses, but they created portrait ceramics of ancestors and famous\n\t\t\t\t\t\tpriestesses. Whether, and how, their religious art differed in form and\n\t\t\t\t\t\tfunction from that of men deserves further investigation." }, "as:generator": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu", "@type": "as:Application", "rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer", "schema:url": "https://leaf-writer.lincsproject.ca/", "schema:softwareVersion": "3.5.0" } }]]> </rdf:Description> <rdf:Description rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld/"> <![CDATA[{ "@context": { "dcterms:created": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:created" }, "dcterms:issued": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:issued" }, "oa:motivatedBy": { "@type": "oa:Motivation" }, "@language": "en", "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#", "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#", "as": "http://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams#", "cwrc": "http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#", "dc": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/", "dcterms": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/", "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/", "geo": "http://www.geonames.org/ontology#", "oa": "http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#", "schema": "http://schema.org/", "xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#", "fabio": "https://purl.org/spar/fabio#", "bf": "http://www.openlinksw.com/schemas/bif#", "cito": "https://sparontologies.github.io/cito/current/cito.html#", "org": "http://www.w3.org/ns/org#" }, "id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2024-10/holliser-weatherford.xml?note_annotation_20241028105633489", "type": "oa:Annotation", "dcterms:created": "2024-10-28T14:56:33.489Z", "dcterms:modified": "2024-10-28T14:56:33.489Z", "dcterms:creator": { "@id": "9", "@type": [ "cwrc:NaturalPerson", "schema:Person" ], "cwrc:hasName": "Diane Jakacki" }, "oa:motivatedBy": "oa:describing", "oa:hasTarget": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2024-10/holliser-weatherford.xml?note_annotation_20241028105633489#Target", "@type": "oa:SpecificResource", "oa:hasSource": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2024-10/holliser-weatherford.xml", "@type": "dctypes:Text", "dc:format": "text/xml" }, "oa:renderedVia": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu", "@type": "as:Application", "rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer", "schema:softwareVersion": "3.5.0" }, "oa:hasSelector": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2024-10/holliser-weatherford.xml?note_annotation_20241028105633489#Selector", "@type": "oa:XPathSelector", "rdf:value": "TEI/text/body/div/div[2]/p/note[2]" } }, "oa:hasBody": { "@type": "cwrc:NoteScholarly", "dc:format": "text/plain", "rdf:value": "2. See Herbert M. Cole, \"Art as\n\t\t\t\t\t\ta Verb in Iboland,\" African Arts Autumn 1969, pp. 34-41; \"Mbari\n\t\t\t\t\t\tis Life,\" Spring 1969, pp. 8-17; \"Mbari is Dance,\" Summer 1969, pp.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t42-51." }, "as:generator": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu", "@type": "as:Application", "rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer", "schema:url": "https://leaf-writer.lincsproject.ca/", "schema:softwareVersion": "3.5.0" } }]]> </rdf:Description> <rdf:Description rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld/"> <![CDATA[{ "@context": { "dcterms:created": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:created" }, "dcterms:issued": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:issued" }, "oa:motivatedBy": { "@type": "oa:Motivation" }, "@language": "en", "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#", "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#", "as": "http://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams#", "cwrc": "http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#", "dc": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/", "dcterms": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/", "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/", "geo": "http://www.geonames.org/ontology#", "oa": "http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#", "schema": "http://schema.org/", "xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#", "fabio": "https://purl.org/spar/fabio#", "bf": "http://www.openlinksw.com/schemas/bif#", "cito": "https://sparontologies.github.io/cito/current/cito.html#", "org": "http://www.w3.org/ns/org#" }, "id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2024-10/holliser-weatherford.xml?note_annotation_20241028105633489", "type": "oa:Annotation", "dcterms:created": "2024-10-28T14:56:33.489Z", "dcterms:modified": "2024-10-28T14:56:33.489Z", "dcterms:creator": { "@id": "9", "@type": [ "cwrc:NaturalPerson", "schema:Person" ], "cwrc:hasName": "Diane Jakacki" }, "oa:motivatedBy": "oa:describing", "oa:hasTarget": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2024-10/holliser-weatherford.xml?note_annotation_20241028105633489#Target", "@type": "oa:SpecificResource", "oa:hasSource": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2024-10/holliser-weatherford.xml", "@type": "dctypes:Text", "dc:format": "text/xml" }, "oa:renderedVia": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu", "@type": "as:Application", "rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer", "schema:softwareVersion": "3.5.0" }, "oa:hasSelector": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2024-10/holliser-weatherford.xml?note_annotation_20241028105633489#Selector", "@type": "oa:XPathSelector", "rdf:value": "TEI/text/body/div/div[2]/p/note[3]" } }, "oa:hasBody": { "@type": "cwrc:NoteScholarly", "dc:format": "text/plain", "rdf:value": "3. See Hans Cory,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCeramic Figurines: Their Ceremonial Use in Primitive\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRites in Tanganyika (London: Faber and Faber, 1956)." }, "as:generator": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu", "@type": "as:Application", "rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer", "schema:url": "https://leaf-writer.lincsproject.ca/", "schema:softwareVersion": "3.5.0" } }]]> </rdf:Description> <rdf:Description rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld/"> <![CDATA[{ "@context": { "dcterms:created": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:created" }, "dcterms:issued": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:issued" }, "oa:motivatedBy": { "@type": "oa:Motivation" }, "@language": "en", "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#", "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#", "as": "http://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams#", "cwrc": "http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#", "dc": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/", "dcterms": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/", "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/", "geo": "http://www.geonames.org/ontology#", "oa": "http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#", "schema": "http://schema.org/", "xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#", "fabio": "https://purl.org/spar/fabio#", "bf": "http://www.openlinksw.com/schemas/bif#", "cito": "https://sparontologies.github.io/cito/current/cito.html#", "org": "http://www.w3.org/ns/org#" }, "id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2024-10/holliser-weatherford.xml?note_annotation_20241028105633490", "type": "oa:Annotation", "dcterms:created": "2024-10-28T14:56:33.490Z", "dcterms:modified": "2024-10-28T14:56:33.490Z", "dcterms:creator": { "@id": "9", "@type": [ "cwrc:NaturalPerson", "schema:Person" ], "cwrc:hasName": "Diane Jakacki" }, "oa:motivatedBy": "oa:describing", "oa:hasTarget": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2024-10/holliser-weatherford.xml?note_annotation_20241028105633490#Target", "@type": "oa:SpecificResource", "oa:hasSource": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2024-10/holliser-weatherford.xml", "@type": "dctypes:Text", "dc:format": "text/xml" }, "oa:renderedVia": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu", "@type": "as:Application", "rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer", "schema:softwareVersion": "3.5.0" }, "oa:hasSelector": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2024-10/holliser-weatherford.xml?note_annotation_20241028105633490#Selector", "@type": "oa:XPathSelector", "rdf:value": "TEI/text/body/div/div[3]/p[2]/note" } }, "oa:hasBody": { "@type": "cwrc:NoteScholarly", "dc:format": "text/plain", "rdf:value": "4. Anita Glaze, \"Power and\n\t\t\t\t\t\tArt in a Senufo Village,\" African Arts, Spring 1975, pp. 25-29, 64-67" }, "as:generator": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu", "@type": "as:Application", "rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer", "schema:url": "https://leaf-writer.lincsproject.ca/", "schema:softwareVersion": "3.5.0" } }]]> </rdf:Description> <rdf:Description rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld/"> <![CDATA[{ "@context": { "dcterms:created": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:created" }, "dcterms:issued": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:issued" }, "oa:motivatedBy": { "@type": "oa:Motivation" }, "@language": "en", "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#", "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#", "as": "http://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams#", "cwrc": "http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#", "dc": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/", "dcterms": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/", "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/", "geo": "http://www.geonames.org/ontology#", "oa": "http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#", "schema": "http://schema.org/", "xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#", "fabio": "https://purl.org/spar/fabio#", "bf": "http://www.openlinksw.com/schemas/bif#", "cito": "https://sparontologies.github.io/cito/current/cito.html#", "org": "http://www.w3.org/ns/org#" }, "id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2024-10/holliser-weatherford.xml?note_annotation_20241028105633491", "type": "oa:Annotation", "dcterms:created": "2024-10-28T14:56:33.491Z", "dcterms:modified": "2024-10-28T14:56:33.491Z", "dcterms:creator": { "@id": "9", "@type": [ "cwrc:NaturalPerson", "schema:Person" ], "cwrc:hasName": "Diane Jakacki" }, "oa:motivatedBy": "oa:describing", "oa:hasTarget": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2024-10/holliser-weatherford.xml?note_annotation_20241028105633491#Target", "@type": "oa:SpecificResource", "oa:hasSource": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2024-10/holliser-weatherford.xml", "@type": "dctypes:Text", "dc:format": "text/xml" }, "oa:renderedVia": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu", "@type": "as:Application", "rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer", "schema:softwareVersion": "3.5.0" }, "oa:hasSelector": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2024-10/holliser-weatherford.xml?note_annotation_20241028105633491#Selector", "@type": "oa:XPathSelector", "rdf:value": "TEI/text/body/div/div[3]/note" } }, "oa:hasBody": { "@type": "cwrc:NoteScholarly", "dc:format": "text/plain", "rdf:value": "5. Eyewitness account cited in Shirley\n\t\t\t\t\t\tArdener, \"Sexual Insult and Female Militancy,\" in\n\t\t\t\t\t\tPerceiving Women (New York: Halsted Press, 1975), pp.\n\t\t\t\t\t36-37." }, "as:generator": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu", "@type": "as:Application", "rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer", "schema:url": "https://leaf-writer.lincsproject.ca/", "schema:softwareVersion": "3.5.0" } }]]> </rdf:Description> <rdf:Description rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld/"> <![CDATA[{ "@context": { "dcterms:created": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:created" }, "dcterms:issued": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:issued" }, "oa:motivatedBy": { "@type": "oa:Motivation" }, "@language": "en", "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#", "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#", "as": "http://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams#", "cwrc": "http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#", "dc": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/", "dcterms": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/", "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/", "geo": "http://www.geonames.org/ontology#", "oa": "http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#", "schema": "http://schema.org/", "xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#", "fabio": "https://purl.org/spar/fabio#", "bf": "http://www.openlinksw.com/schemas/bif#", "cito": "https://sparontologies.github.io/cito/current/cito.html#", "org": "http://www.w3.org/ns/org#" }, "id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2024-10/holliser-weatherford.xml?note_annotation_20241028105633491", "type": "oa:Annotation", "dcterms:created": "2024-10-28T14:56:33.491Z", "dcterms:modified": "2024-10-28T14:56:33.491Z", "dcterms:creator": { "@id": "9", "@type": [ "cwrc:NaturalPerson", "schema:Person" ], "cwrc:hasName": "Diane Jakacki" }, "oa:motivatedBy": "oa:describing", "oa:hasTarget": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2024-10/holliser-weatherford.xml?note_annotation_20241028105633491#Target", "@type": "oa:SpecificResource", "oa:hasSource": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2024-10/holliser-weatherford.xml", "@type": "dctypes:Text", "dc:format": "text/xml" }, "oa:renderedVia": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu", "@type": "as:Application", "rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer", "schema:softwareVersion": "3.5.0" }, "oa:hasSelector": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2024-10/holliser-weatherford.xml?note_annotation_20241028105633491#Selector", "@type": "oa:XPathSelector", "rdf:value": "TEI/text/body/div/div[4]/p/note" } }, "oa:hasBody": { "@type": "cwrc:NoteScholarly", "dc:format": "text/plain", "rdf:value": "6. Regina Twala,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\"Beads as Regulating the Social Life of the Zulu and the Swazi,\" reprinted\n\t\t\t\t\t\tin Everyman His Way, ed. Alan Dundes (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.:\n\t\t\t\t\t\tPrentice-Hall, 1968), pp. 368-369" }, "as:generator": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu", "@type": "as:Application", "rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer", "schema:url": "https://leaf-writer.lincsproject.ca/", "schema:softwareVersion": "3.5.0" } }]]> </rdf:Description> <rdf:Description rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld/"> <![CDATA[{ "@context": { "dcterms:created": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:created" }, "dcterms:issued": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:issued" }, "oa:motivatedBy": { "@type": "oa:Motivation" }, "@language": "en", "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#", "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#", "as": "http://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams#", "cwrc": "http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#", "dc": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/", "dcterms": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/", "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/", "geo": "http://www.geonames.org/ontology#", "oa": "http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#", "schema": "http://schema.org/", "xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#", "fabio": "https://purl.org/spar/fabio#", "bf": "http://www.openlinksw.com/schemas/bif#", "cito": "https://sparontologies.github.io/cito/current/cito.html#", "org": "http://www.w3.org/ns/org#" }, "id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2024-10/holliser-weatherford.xml?note_annotation_20241028105633492", "type": "oa:Annotation", "dcterms:created": "2024-10-28T14:56:33.492Z", "dcterms:modified": "2024-10-28T14:56:33.492Z", "dcterms:creator": { "@id": "9", "@type": [ "cwrc:NaturalPerson", "schema:Person" ], "cwrc:hasName": "Diane Jakacki" }, "oa:motivatedBy": "oa:describing", "oa:hasTarget": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2024-10/holliser-weatherford.xml?note_annotation_20241028105633492#Target", "@type": "oa:SpecificResource", "oa:hasSource": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2024-10/holliser-weatherford.xml", "@type": "dctypes:Text", "dc:format": "text/xml" }, "oa:renderedVia": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu", "@type": "as:Application", "rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer", "schema:softwareVersion": "3.5.0" }, "oa:hasSelector": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2024-10/holliser-weatherford.xml?note_annotation_20241028105633492#Selector", "@type": "oa:XPathSelector", "rdf:value": "TEI/text/body/div/div[5]/p[2]/note" } }, "oa:hasBody": { "@type": "cwrc:NoteScholarly", "dc:format": "text/plain", "rdf:value": "7. Pascal James\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tImperato and Marli Shamir, \"Bokolanfini, Mud Cloth of the\n\t\t\t\t\t\tBamana of Mali,\" African Arts, Summer 1970." }, "as:generator": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu", "@type": "as:Application", "rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer", "schema:url": "https://leaf-writer.lincsproject.ca/", "schema:softwareVersion": "3.5.0" } }]]> </rdf:Description> <rdf:Description rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld/"> <![CDATA[{ "@context": { "dcterms:created": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:created" }, "dcterms:issued": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:issued" }, "oa:motivatedBy": { "@type": "oa:Motivation" }, "@language": "en", "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#", "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#", "as": "http://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams#", "cwrc": "http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#", "dc": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/", "dcterms": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/", "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/", "geo": "http://www.geonames.org/ontology#", "oa": "http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#", "schema": "http://schema.org/", "xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#", "fabio": "https://purl.org/spar/fabio#", "bf": "http://www.openlinksw.com/schemas/bif#", "cito": "https://sparontologies.github.io/cito/current/cito.html#", "org": "http://www.w3.org/ns/org#" }, "id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2024-10/holliser-weatherford.xml?note_annotation_20241028105633493", "type": "oa:Annotation", "dcterms:created": "2024-10-28T14:56:33.493Z", "dcterms:modified": "2024-10-28T14:56:33.493Z", "dcterms:creator": { "@id": "9", "@type": [ "cwrc:NaturalPerson", "schema:Person" ], "cwrc:hasName": "Diane Jakacki" }, "oa:motivatedBy": "oa:describing", "oa:hasTarget": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2024-10/holliser-weatherford.xml?note_annotation_20241028105633493#Target", "@type": "oa:SpecificResource", "oa:hasSource": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2024-10/holliser-weatherford.xml", "@type": "dctypes:Text", "dc:format": "text/xml" }, "oa:renderedVia": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu", "@type": "as:Application", "rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer", "schema:softwareVersion": "3.5.0" }, "oa:hasSelector": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2024-10/holliser-weatherford.xml?note_annotation_20241028105633493#Selector", "@type": "oa:XPathSelector", "rdf:value": "TEI/text/body/div/div[6]/p/note" } }, "oa:hasBody": { "@type": "cwrc:NoteScholarly", "dc:format": "text/plain", "rdf:value": "8. N.\n\t\t\t\t\t\tEngland, cited in Seth Reichlin, \"Bitter\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMelons\": A Study Guide (Somerville, MA: Documentary Educational\n\t\t\t\t\t\tResources, 1974), p. 27" }, "as:generator": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu", "@type": "as:Application", "rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer", "schema:url": "https://leaf-writer.lincsproject.ca/", "schema:softwareVersion": "3.5.0" } }]]> </rdf:Description> <rdf:Description rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld/"> <![CDATA[{ "@context": { "dcterms:created": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:created" }, "dcterms:issued": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:issued" }, "oa:motivatedBy": { "@type": "oa:Motivation" }, "@language": "en", "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#", "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#", "as": "http://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams#", "cwrc": "http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#", "dc": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/", "dcterms": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/", "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/", "geo": "http://www.geonames.org/ontology#", "oa": "http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#", "schema": "http://schema.org/", "xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#", "fabio": "https://purl.org/spar/fabio#", "bf": "http://www.openlinksw.com/schemas/bif#", "cito": "https://sparontologies.github.io/cito/current/cito.html#", "org": "http://www.w3.org/ns/org#" }, "id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2024-10/holliser-weatherford.xml?note_annotation_20241028105633493", "type": "oa:Annotation", "dcterms:created": "2024-10-28T14:56:33.493Z", "dcterms:modified": "2024-10-28T14:56:33.493Z", "dcterms:creator": { "@id": "9", "@type": [ "cwrc:NaturalPerson", "schema:Person" ], "cwrc:hasName": "Diane Jakacki" }, "oa:motivatedBy": "oa:describing", "oa:hasTarget": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2024-10/holliser-weatherford.xml?note_annotation_20241028105633493#Target", "@type": "oa:SpecificResource", "oa:hasSource": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2024-10/holliser-weatherford.xml", "@type": "dctypes:Text", "dc:format": "text/xml" }, "oa:renderedVia": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu", "@type": "as:Application", "rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer", "schema:softwareVersion": "3.5.0" }, "oa:hasSelector": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2024-10/holliser-weatherford.xml?note_annotation_20241028105633493#Selector", "@type": "oa:XPathSelector", "rdf:value": "TEI/text/body/div/div[6]/p[3]/note" } }, "oa:hasBody": { "@type": "cwrc:NoteScholarly", "dc:format": "text/plain", "rdf:value": "9. Alan Lomax and\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tForrestine Paulay, Dance and Human History\n\t\t\t\t\t\t(film). Distributed by University of California Extension Media\n\t\t\t\t\t\tCenter" }, "as:generator": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu", "@type": "as:Application", "rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer", "schema:url": "https://leaf-writer.lincsproject.ca/", "schema:softwareVersion": "3.5.0" } }]]> </rdf:Description> <rdf:Description rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld/"> <![CDATA[{ "@context": { "dcterms:created": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:created" }, "dcterms:issued": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:issued" }, "oa:motivatedBy": { "@type": "oa:Motivation" }, "@language": "en", "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#", "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#", "as": "http://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams#", "cwrc": "http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#", "dc": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/", "dcterms": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/", "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/", "geo": "http://www.geonames.org/ontology#", "oa": "http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#", "schema": "http://schema.org/", "xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#", "fabio": "https://purl.org/spar/fabio#", "bf": "http://www.openlinksw.com/schemas/bif#", "cito": "https://sparontologies.github.io/cito/current/cito.html#", "org": "http://www.w3.org/ns/org#" }, "id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2024-10/holliser-weatherford.xml?note_annotation_20241028105633494", "type": "oa:Annotation", "dcterms:created": "2024-10-28T14:56:33.494Z", "dcterms:modified": "2024-10-28T14:56:33.494Z", "dcterms:creator": { "@id": "9", "@type": [ "cwrc:NaturalPerson", "schema:Person" ], "cwrc:hasName": "Diane Jakacki" }, "oa:motivatedBy": "oa:describing", "oa:hasTarget": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2024-10/holliser-weatherford.xml?note_annotation_20241028105633494#Target", "@type": "oa:SpecificResource", "oa:hasSource": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2024-10/holliser-weatherford.xml", "@type": "dctypes:Text", "dc:format": "text/xml" }, "oa:renderedVia": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu", "@type": "as:Application", "rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer", "schema:softwareVersion": "3.5.0" }, "oa:hasSelector": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2024-10/holliser-weatherford.xml?note_annotation_20241028105633494#Selector", "@type": "oa:XPathSelector", "rdf:value": "TEI/text/body/div/div[6]/p[3]/note[2]" } }, "oa:hasBody": { "@type": "cwrc:NoteScholarly", "dc:format": "text/plain", "rdf:value": "10. Mary P.\n\t\t\t\t\t\tCoote, \"Women’s Songs in Serbo-Croatian,” Journal of\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAmerican Folklore, 90 (1977), pp. 331-33" }, "as:generator": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu", "@type": "as:Application", "rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer", "schema:url": "https://leaf-writer.lincsproject.ca/", "schema:softwareVersion": "3.5.0" } }]]> </rdf:Description> <rdf:Description rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld/"> <![CDATA[{ "@context": { "dcterms:created": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:created" }, "dcterms:issued": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:issued" }, "oa:motivatedBy": { "@type": "oa:Motivation" }, "@language": "en", "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#", "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#", "as": "http://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams#", "cwrc": "http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#", "dc": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/", "dcterms": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/", "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/", "geo": "http://www.geonames.org/ontology#", "oa": "http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#", "schema": "http://schema.org/", "xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#", "fabio": "https://purl.org/spar/fabio#", "bf": "http://www.openlinksw.com/schemas/bif#", "cito": "https://sparontologies.github.io/cito/current/cito.html#", "org": "http://www.w3.org/ns/org#" }, "id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2024-10/holliser-weatherford.xml?note_annotation_20241028105633495", "type": "oa:Annotation", "dcterms:created": "2024-10-28T14:56:33.495Z", "dcterms:modified": "2024-10-28T14:56:33.495Z", "dcterms:creator": { "@id": "9", "@type": [ "cwrc:NaturalPerson", "schema:Person" ], "cwrc:hasName": "Diane Jakacki" }, "oa:motivatedBy": "oa:describing", "oa:hasTarget": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2024-10/holliser-weatherford.xml?note_annotation_20241028105633495#Target", "@type": "oa:SpecificResource", "oa:hasSource": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2024-10/holliser-weatherford.xml", "@type": "dctypes:Text", "dc:format": "text/xml" }, "oa:renderedVia": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu", "@type": "as:Application", "rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer", "schema:softwareVersion": "3.5.0" }, "oa:hasSelector": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2024-10/holliser-weatherford.xml?note_annotation_20241028105633495#Selector", "@type": "oa:XPathSelector", "rdf:value": "TEI/text/body/div/div[6]/p[4]/note" } }, "oa:hasBody": { "@type": "cwrc:NoteScholarly", "dc:format": "text/plain", "rdf:value": "11. Norma McLeod and\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMarcia\n\t\t\t\t\t\tHerndon, \"The Bormliza: Maltese Folk song Style and Women,\" in\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWomen and Folklore, ed. Claire Farrar (Austin: University\n\t\t\t\t\t\tof Texas Press, 1975), pp. 81-100." }, "as:generator": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu", "@type": "as:Application", "rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer", "schema:url": "https://leaf-writer.lincsproject.ca/", "schema:softwareVersion": "3.5.0" } }]]> </rdf:Description> <rdf:Description rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld/"> <![CDATA[{ "@context": { "dcterms:created": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:created" }, "dcterms:issued": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:issued" }, "oa:motivatedBy": { "@type": "oa:Motivation" }, "@language": "en", "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#", "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#", "as": "http://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams#", "cwrc": "http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#", "dc": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/", "dcterms": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/", "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/", "geo": "http://www.geonames.org/ontology#", "oa": "http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#", "schema": "http://schema.org/", "xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#", "fabio": "https://purl.org/spar/fabio#", "bf": "http://www.openlinksw.com/schemas/bif#", "cito": "https://sparontologies.github.io/cito/current/cito.html#", "org": "http://www.w3.org/ns/org#" }, "id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2024-10/holliser-weatherford.xml?note_annotation_20241028105633495", "type": "oa:Annotation", "dcterms:created": "2024-10-28T14:56:33.495Z", "dcterms:modified": "2024-10-28T14:56:33.495Z", "dcterms:creator": { "@id": "9", "@type": [ "cwrc:NaturalPerson", "schema:Person" ], "cwrc:hasName": "Diane Jakacki" }, "oa:motivatedBy": "oa:describing", "oa:hasTarget": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2024-10/holliser-weatherford.xml?note_annotation_20241028105633495#Target", "@type": "oa:SpecificResource", "oa:hasSource": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2024-10/holliser-weatherford.xml", "@type": "dctypes:Text", "dc:format": "text/xml" }, "oa:renderedVia": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu", "@type": "as:Application", "rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer", "schema:softwareVersion": "3.5.0" }, "oa:hasSelector": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2024-10/holliser-weatherford.xml?note_annotation_20241028105633495#Selector", "@type": "oa:XPathSelector", "rdf:value": "TEI/text/body/div/div[6]/p[4]/note[2]" } }, "oa:hasBody": { "@type": "cwrc:NoteScholarly", "dc:format": "text/plain", "rdf:value": "12. Roxane Connick Carlisle, \"Women Singers in Darfur, Sudan\n\t\t\t\t\t\tRepublic,\" Anthropos 68, 1973, pp. 785-798." }, "as:generator": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu", "@type": "as:Application", "rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer", "schema:url": "https://leaf-writer.lincsproject.ca/", "schema:softwareVersion": "3.5.0" } }]]> </rdf:Description> <rdf:Description rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld/"> <![CDATA[{ "@context": { "dcterms:created": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:created" }, "dcterms:issued": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:issued" }, "oa:motivatedBy": { "@type": "oa:Motivation" }, "@language": "en", "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#", "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#", "as": "http://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams#", "cwrc": "http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#", "dc": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/", "dcterms": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/", "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/", "geo": "http://www.geonames.org/ontology#", "oa": "http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#", "schema": "http://schema.org/", "xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#", "fabio": "https://purl.org/spar/fabio#", "bf": "http://www.openlinksw.com/schemas/bif#", "cito": "https://sparontologies.github.io/cito/current/cito.html#", "org": "http://www.w3.org/ns/org#" }, "id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2024-10/holliser-weatherford.xml?note_annotation_20241028105633496", "type": "oa:Annotation", "dcterms:created": "2024-10-28T14:56:33.496Z", "dcterms:modified": "2024-10-28T14:56:33.496Z", "dcterms:creator": { "@id": "9", "@type": [ "cwrc:NaturalPerson", "schema:Person" ], "cwrc:hasName": "Diane Jakacki" }, "oa:motivatedBy": "oa:describing", "oa:hasTarget": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2024-10/holliser-weatherford.xml?note_annotation_20241028105633496#Target", "@type": "oa:SpecificResource", "oa:hasSource": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2024-10/holliser-weatherford.xml", "@type": "dctypes:Text", "dc:format": "text/xml" }, "oa:renderedVia": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu", "@type": "as:Application", "rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer", "schema:softwareVersion": "3.5.0" }, "oa:hasSelector": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2024-10/holliser-weatherford.xml?note_annotation_20241028105633496#Selector", "@type": "oa:XPathSelector", "rdf:value": "TEI/text/body/div/div[7]/p/note" } }, "oa:hasBody": { "@type": "cwrc:NoteScholarly", "dc:format": "text/plain", "rdf:value": "13.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJane and Donald Bandler, \"The\n\t\t\t\t\t\tPottery of Ushafa,\" African Arts, Spring 1977, pp.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t26-31." }, "as:generator": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu", "@type": "as:Application", "rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer", "schema:url": "https://leaf-writer.lincsproject.ca/", "schema:softwareVersion": "3.5.0" } }]]> </rdf:Description> <rdf:Description 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Barbara Guggenheim, private\n\t\t\t\t\t\tcommunication." }, "as:generator": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu", "@type": "as:Application", "rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer", "schema:url": "https://leaf-writer.lincsproject.ca/", "schema:softwareVersion": "3.5.0" } }]]> </rdf:Description> <rdf:Description rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld/"> <![CDATA[{ "@context": { "dcterms:created": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:created" }, "dcterms:issued": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:issued" }, "oa:motivatedBy": { "@type": "oa:Motivation" }, "@language": "en", "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#", "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#", "as": "http://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams#", "cwrc": "http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#", "dc": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/", "dcterms": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/", "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/", "geo": "http://www.geonames.org/ontology#", "oa": "http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#", "schema": "http://schema.org/", "xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#", "fabio": "https://purl.org/spar/fabio#", "bf": "http://www.openlinksw.com/schemas/bif#", "cito": "https://sparontologies.github.io/cito/current/cito.html#", "org": "http://www.w3.org/ns/org#" }, "id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2024-10/holliser-weatherford.xml?note_annotation_20241028105633497", "type": "oa:Annotation", "dcterms:created": "2024-10-28T14:56:33.497Z", "dcterms:modified": "2024-10-28T14:56:33.497Z", "dcterms:creator": { "@id": "9", "@type": [ "cwrc:NaturalPerson", "schema:Person" ], "cwrc:hasName": "Diane Jakacki" }, "oa:motivatedBy": "oa:describing", "oa:hasTarget": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2024-10/holliser-weatherford.xml?note_annotation_20241028105633497#Target", "@type": "oa:SpecificResource", "oa:hasSource": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2024-10/holliser-weatherford.xml", "@type": "dctypes:Text", "dc:format": "text/xml" }, "oa:renderedVia": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu", "@type": "as:Application", "rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer", "schema:softwareVersion": "3.5.0" }, "oa:hasSelector": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2024-10/holliser-weatherford.xml?note_annotation_20241028105633497#Selector", "@type": "oa:XPathSelector", "rdf:value": "TEI/text/body/div/div[8]/p[2]/note" } }, "oa:hasBody": { "@type": "cwrc:NoteScholarly", "dc:format": "text/plain", "rdf:value": "15. Simon Kooijman,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t“Tapa Techniques and Tapa Patterns in Poly- nesia in Primitive Art and\n\t\t\t\t\t\tSociety, ed. Anthony Forge (London: Ox- ford University Press, 1973), p.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t110." }, "as:generator": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu", "@type": "as:Application", "rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer", "schema:url": "https://leaf-writer.lincsproject.ca/", "schema:softwareVersion": "3.5.0" } }]]> </rdf:Description> <rdf:Description rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld/"> <![CDATA[{ "@context": { "dcterms:created": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:created" }, "dcterms:issued": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:issued" }, "oa:motivatedBy": { "@type": "oa:Motivation" }, "@language": "en", "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#", "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#", "as": "http://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams#", "cwrc": "http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#", "dc": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/", "dcterms": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/", "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/", "geo": "http://www.geonames.org/ontology#", "oa": "http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#", "schema": "http://schema.org/", "xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#", "fabio": "https://purl.org/spar/fabio#", "bf": "http://www.openlinksw.com/schemas/bif#", "cito": "https://sparontologies.github.io/cito/current/cito.html#", "org": "http://www.w3.org/ns/org#" }, "id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2024-10/holliser-weatherford.xml?note_annotation_20241028105633498", "type": "oa:Annotation", "dcterms:created": "2024-10-28T14:56:33.498Z", "dcterms:modified": "2024-10-28T14:56:33.498Z", "dcterms:creator": { "@id": "9", "@type": [ "cwrc:NaturalPerson", "schema:Person" ], "cwrc:hasName": "Diane Jakacki" }, "oa:motivatedBy": "oa:describing", "oa:hasTarget": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2024-10/holliser-weatherford.xml?note_annotation_20241028105633498#Target", "@type": "oa:SpecificResource", "oa:hasSource": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2024-10/holliser-weatherford.xml", "@type": "dctypes:Text", "dc:format": "text/xml" }, "oa:renderedVia": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu", "@type": "as:Application", "rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer", "schema:softwareVersion": "3.5.0" }, "oa:hasSelector": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2024-10/holliser-weatherford.xml?note_annotation_20241028105633498#Selector", "@type": "oa:XPathSelector", "rdf:value": "TEI/text/body/div/div[8]/p[3]/note" } }, "oa:hasBody": { "@type": "cwrc:NoteScholarly", "dc:format": "text/plain", "rdf:value": "16. Mona Etienne, “Women and Men, Cloth\n\t\t\t\t\t\tand Colonization: The Transformation of Production-Distribution Relations\n\t\t\t\t\t\tamong the Baule (Ivory Coast), Cahiers d’Etudes Africaines\n\t\t\t\t\t\t65, XVII (1), 1977 (n.p.)." }, "as:generator": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu", "@type": "as:Application", "rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer", "schema:url": "https://leaf-writer.lincsproject.ca/", "schema:softwareVersion": "3.5.0" } }]]> </rdf:Description> <rdf:Description rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld/"> <![CDATA[{ "@context": { "dcterms:created": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:created" }, "dcterms:issued": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:issued" }, "oa:motivatedBy": { "@type": "oa:Motivation" }, "@language": "en", "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#", "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#", "as": "http://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams#", "cwrc": "http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#", "dc": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/", "dcterms": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/", "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/", "geo": "http://www.geonames.org/ontology#", "oa": "http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#", "schema": "http://schema.org/", "xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#", "fabio": "https://purl.org/spar/fabio#", "bf": "http://www.openlinksw.com/schemas/bif#", "cito": "https://sparontologies.github.io/cito/current/cito.html#", "org": "http://www.w3.org/ns/org#" }, "id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2024-10/holliser-weatherford.xml?note_annotation_20241028105633498", "type": "oa:Annotation", "dcterms:created": "2024-10-28T14:56:33.498Z", "dcterms:modified": "2024-10-28T14:56:33.498Z", "dcterms:creator": { "@id": "9", "@type": [ "cwrc:NaturalPerson", "schema:Person" ], "cwrc:hasName": "Diane Jakacki" }, "oa:motivatedBy": "oa:describing", "oa:hasTarget": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2024-10/holliser-weatherford.xml?note_annotation_20241028105633498#Target", "@type": "oa:SpecificResource", "oa:hasSource": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2024-10/holliser-weatherford.xml", "@type": "dctypes:Text", "dc:format": "text/xml" }, "oa:renderedVia": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu", "@type": "as:Application", "rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer", "schema:softwareVersion": "3.5.0" }, "oa:hasSelector": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2024-10/holliser-weatherford.xml?note_annotation_20241028105633498#Selector", "@type": "oa:XPathSelector", "rdf:value": "TEI/text/body/div/div[8]/p[3]/note[2]" } }, "oa:hasBody": { "@type": "cwrc:NoteScholarly", "dc:format": "text/plain", "rdf:value": "17. For example, Ruth\n\t\t\t\t\t\tBunzel, The Pueblo Potter (New York: Dover Publications,\n\t\t\t\t\t\treprint, 1969) and Lila M. O’Neale, “Yurok-Karok Basket Weavers, University\n\t\t\t\t\t\tof California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 32, 1932,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tpp. 1-182." }, "as:generator": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu", "@type": "as:Application", "rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer", "schema:url": "https://leaf-writer.lincsproject.ca/", "schema:softwareVersion": "3.5.0" } }]]> </rdf:Description> </rdf:RDF></xenoData></teiHeader> <text> <body> <div> <pb facs="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/BucknellDSC/heresies/main/issue04/images/Heresies_04_122.jpg" n="119" xml:id="img_0122"/> <head><title type="main">"By the Lakeside There is an Echo"</title> </head> <head> <title type="sub">Towards a History of Women’s Traditional Arts</title> </head> <byline><persName key="Valerie Hollister" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q108354155">Valerie Hollister</persName> and <persName key="Elizabeth Weatherford" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q106878888">Elizabeth Weatherford</persName></byline> <div> <epigraph> <p>"By the lakeside there is an echo. As they stand there with an open book the chosen passages are re-uttered from the other side by a voice that becomes distance and repeats itself...I say that that which is is. I say that that which is not also is. When she repeats the phrase several times the double, then triple, voice endlessly superimposes that which is and that which is not. The shadows brooding over the lake shift and begin to shiver because of the vibrations of the voice." —<persName key="Monique Wittig" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q263201">Monique Wittig</persName>, <title key="Les Guérillères" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q3233135">Lés Guérilleres</title></p> </epigraph> <p> For a more complete history of women's art we must know the actual circumstances of women's creativity and aesthetic contributions to culture. Scholars of traditional societies<note type="scholarNote">Tribal and peasant societies, with a nonmechanized technology, and with much social and political life centered on a kin group consisting of many generations connected by blood or marriage ties, not partaking indigenously of the Western cultural or economic tradition.</note> assume that men's "art" is sacred and dangerous to women and children, while women's "craft" is significant only in the daily sphere and of no prime importance. These assumptions obscure the real and complex situation of women's artmaking and totally block an appreciation of their art.</p> <p>We approached this article from different experiences. One of us, an anthropologist, is concerned with the current debates in feminist anthropological theory about women's power or lack of it. One argument states that in all cultures women, no matter how actively they participate in the society's life, are always considered inferior to men. Is this analysis true or are we so dependent on fragmentary reporting, usually based on the information of men, that we have not developed a way of knowing either women or their own evaluation of what they do? The other of us, a painter, interested for many years in the arts of <placeName key="Africa" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q15">Africa</placeName> and the lives of African women, began this collaboration unknowingly influenced by the traditional arts of women. Both of us had been moved by the beauty of women's art in traditional societies and wished to consider the ramifications of women's public and private artmaking. This article comes out of our readings and conversations.</p> <p>By assembling and analyzing the sparse information on the art of women in traditional societies we hope to raise questions which will provoke further research. We have organized our discussion into categories which emphasize questions about the scope of women's art and its relationship to their societies and to women's status within those, societies.</p> </div> <div> <head>THE ART OF WOMEN'S RITUALS</head> <p> Birth, initiation, marriage and death are ritually celebrated by women in most societies and many female cults worship a patron goddess or god, but we can find only scattered references to the ritual art objects women make. Early missionary accounts of earth goddess rites in <placeName key="Nigeria" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1033">Nigeria</placeName> <note type="scholarNote">1. <persName key="Percy Amaury Talbot" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q2043550">P. Amaury Talbot</persName>, <title level="m">Tribes of the Niger Delta</title> (London: Sheldon Press, 1932), p. 94 and figures. In this and other works Talbot describes the roles of Nigerian women in the various cults of their tribes. These may include the making of figurines, symbol-laden pots, and wall decorations of shrines. It is unclear if women created figures for mbari houses, but they created portrait ceramics of ancestors and famous priestesses. Whether, and how, their religious art differed in form and function from that of men deserves further investigation.</note> state that ceramic votary objects and clay goddess figures were made by the priestesses and their female initiates. Recent reports do not mention women making these clay figures. <note type="scholarNote">2. See <persName key="Cole, Herbert M." ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/91301265/">Herbert M. Cole</persName>, "Art as a Verb in Iboland," <title>African Arts</title> Autumn 1969, pp. 34-41; "Mbari is Life," Spring 1969, pp. 8-17; "Mbari is Dance," Summer 1969, pp. 42-51.</note> <orgName key="Anyi people" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q613920">Agni</orgName> women of <placeName key="Ghana" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q117">Ghana</placeName> and <orgName key="Mangbetu people" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1602764">Mangbetu</orgName> women of <placeName key="Zaire" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q6500954">Zaire</placeName> make ritual funerary ceramics with portrait heads. (This anthropomorphic art is considered atypical of women's artmaking.) Ceramic "figurines," abstract in form, are made by adult women in many African societies for the initiation rites of girls to explain the women's view of women and sexuality. Made of sundried clay, these are rarely collected by museums and little known by scholars. <note type="scholarNote">3. See <persName key="Hans Cory" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q79311706">Hans Cory</persName>, <title level="m">Ceramic Figurines: Their Ceremonial Use in Primitive Rites in Tanganyika</title> (London: Faber and Faber, 1956).</note> Is women's ritual art not found because researchers assume that women do not make ritual art? We presume far more examples exist. Extensive documentation of these objects is necessary to expand our knowledge of women's art and their lives.</p> </div> <div> <head>ART AS SYMBOLS OF AUTHORITY</head> <p> Masks, free-standing figures and other carvings (apparently always made by men) are used as symbols of secular authority in traditional societies. Western anthropologists and collectors have been especially impressed by these forms, since they conform more closely to Western definitions of art. As the most frequently collected traditional artifacts, they are the most available for study. These objects are believed to be invested with power and the person who uses them wields that power. (Since they are usually commissioned, the artist is not identified with the object's power.) The literature implies that since women do not use these symbols of authority, they have little public power. The following examples show that these assumptions are not true.</p> <p>In <placeName key="Sierra Leone" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1044">Sierra Leone</placeName> and <placeName key="Liberia" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1014">Liberia</placeName>, the all-female <orgName key="Bundu" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q892272">Bundu</orgName> society commissions masks for use as symbols of their authority. The helmet mask and woven body covering worn by the women lend an awesome appearance to their dance performance and are invested with such power that they are utilized both in funeral rites and in intimidating males or females who insult women. In the <placeName key="Ivory Coast" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1008">Ivory Coast</placeName> <pb facs="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/BucknellDSC/heresies/main/issue04/images/Heresies_04_123.jpg" n="120" xml:id="img_0123"/> <orgName key="Senufo people" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1266038">Senufo</orgName> women commission carvings for use in their divination society, the <orgName key="Sandobele" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q7416440">Sandogo</orgName>. <note type="scholarNote">4. <persName key="Glaze, Anita J., 1940-...." ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/39467058/">Anita Glaze</persName>, "Power and Art in a Senufo Village," <title>African Arts</title>, Spring 1975, pp. 25-29, 64-67</note> Women's divination is considered essential to determining outcomes of important events and discovering causes for social disruptions. Although male-commissioned Senufo masks have been well analyzed, the art of the Sandogo society is frequently not discussed, giving an unbalanced view of women's power in this culture. In stratified societies, such as African cultures in which power was wielded jointly by female and male sovereigns, art work was commissioned by both, but we do not know in what ways it represented the female aspects of power.</p> <p>Besides commissioned objects, women use dance to affirm their authority. Among the <orgName key="Kom" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1656595">Kom</orgName> and other groups in the <placeName key="British Cameroons" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1028835">Cameroons</placeName>, women participate in a disciplinary performance called <lang>anlu</lang>, if a parent or pregnant woman is insulted or beaten or an old woman abused, if incest occurs, or when the women of the village want to use discipline against men.</p> <quote>"<lang>Anlu</lang> is started off by a woman who doubles up in an awful position and gives out a high-pitched shrill, breaking it by beating on the lips with the four fingers. Any woman recognizing the sound does the same and leaves whatever she is doing and runs in the direction of the first sound. The crowd quickly swells and soon there is a wild dance to the tune of impromptu stanzas informing the people of what offence has been committed, spelling it out in such a manner as to raise emotions and to cause action...Then the team leaves for the bush to return at the appointed time, donned in vines, with painted faces, to carry out the full ritual...Vulgar parts of the body are exhibited as the chant rises in weird depth... [Account by Kom man]"</quote> <note type="scholarNote">5. Eyewitness account cited in <persName key="Shirley Ardener" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q54611686">Shirley Ardener</persName>, "Sexual Insult and Female Militancy," in <title>Perceiving Women</title> (New York: Halsted Press, 1975), pp. 36-37.</note> <p>During the <placeName key="Aba" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q202162">Aba</placeName> riots of 1921 when 10,000 <orgName>Ibo</orgName> women demonstrated against the <orgName key="British" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q842438">British</orgName>, their final, most powerful show of force was a performance like <lang>anlu</lang>. In what other instances do women's arts of authority exist and what forms do they take?</p> </div> <div> <head>PERSONAL DECORATION</head> <p> In many cultures personal ornamentation, perhaps more than any other art form, provides the basis for a complex system of signs. The body becomes a background on which messages about rank, wealth, sexual maturity, marital status and occupation are expressed. Clothing, jewelry, tattooing, scarification, body painting and hair styling are consciously designed to convey these messages. Young <orgName key="Zulu" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q129962">Zulu</orgName> and <orgName key="Swazi people" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q939691">Swazi</orgName> women in southeastern Africa make necklaces as courting poems in which the beads are carefully ordered, each bead a metaphor for a range of meanings. White beads, for example, symbolize all that is good, and have cleansing and purifying powers. They appease ancestors, bring good luck and represent the heart and love itself. <note type="scholarNote">6. <persName key="Regina Twala" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q105099701">Regina Twala</persName>, "Beads as Regulating the Social Life of the Zulu and the Swazi," reprinted in <title>Everyman His Way</title>, ed. Alan Dundes (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1968), pp. 368-369</note> Because societies like these do not use writing, such codifications of messages are especially significant.</p> <p>Excessive neck lengthening, knocking out of teeth, amputation of fingers, wearing of multiple weighty anklets, necklaces and bracelets, footbinding and clitoral and labial excisions are all done in the name of beauty. Why is women's personal decoration apparently more extreme than that of men of their cultures, and why do women's clothing and jewelry so often seem to hinder their <pb facs="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/BucknellDSC/heresies/main/issue04/images/Heresies_04_124.jpg" n="121" xml:id="img_0124"/> mobility? To what extent is personal decoration an expression of self-identification and to what extent is it a sign of women's being property and a reinforcement of women’s inferior status?</p> </div> <div> <head>THE UTILITARIAN ARTS</head> <p>Although frequently centered in the home, women's utilitarian arts form a fundamental and pervasive part of the public visual aesthetic. Women create a visual envirorment by the arrangement and cleanliness of their tents or compounds; the making of pots; the incising of calabashes; the weaving, dyeing and embroidering of cloth, baskets, mats and rugs; the application of quill and beadwork to cloth and skins; and the painting of murals and application of decorations to the interior and exterior walls of houses. In spite of the documentation of the existence of these arts, there is little analysis of them or of the status of the women who make them. Why has the impact of women's art on their cultures been so neglected by scholars when it plays such a pervasive role in people's lives?</p> <p>Women's traditional art has received little attention from Western writers not only because it is utilitarian but because it is almost always abstract. Neither the iconography, the formal structure nor the symbolism of women's abstract images and patterns has received serious attention and analysis with a few exceptions, such as a study of <lang>bokolanfini</lang>, "mud" cloth made by <orgName key="Bambara" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q504685">Bamana</orgName> women of Mali, which describes the designs as abstractions of specific historical events. <note type="scholarNote">7. <persName key="Pascal James Imperato" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q23058897">Pascal James Imperato</persName> and Marli Shamir, "Bokolanfini, Mud Cloth of the Bamana of Mali," <title>African Arts</title>, Summer 1970.</note> The assumption that women's abstract designs have no meaning is directly related to the idea that traditional women artists are not creative. How do women's choices of image and pattern reflect their traditions, their own inventiveness and concerns of their society?</p> <p>In traditional societies men as well as women produce utilitarian art. Yet even when they work with the same materials their form, content and technique differ markedly (for example, Plain buffalo-skin robe designs and the loom widths in <placeName key="West Africa" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q4412">West Africa</placeName> and <placeName key="Spanish America" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q111180987">Spanish America</placeName>). There has been no satisfactory explanation of these differences. Western art scholars seem to favor psychobiological explanations, often ignoring the impact of historical events, such as colonialism and the introduction of foreign technologies.</p> </div> <div> <head>FEMALE MUSICIANS, BARDS AND SINGERS</head> <p>Musical instruments are frequently particular to one sex or the other. Among the <orgName key="ǃKung people" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q847913">!Kung</orgName> of the <placeName key="Kalahari Desert" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q47700">Kalahari Desert</placeName> men play hunting bows, with one end placed in their mouths. Adolescent girls play the pluriarch, the "women's" instrument, which consists of several small bows attached to a box plucked by the fingers. <note type="scholarNote">8. N. England, cited in <persName>Seth Reichlin</persName>, <title>"Bitter Melons": A Study Guide</title> (Somerville, MA: Documentary Educational Resources, 1974), p. 27</note> Adult women apparently are not musicians as often as men. In the context of dance !Kung women frequently provide the percussive back-up for men's dances by hand clapping. For their own dances, melon tossing, women sing elaborate lyrics and provide their own hand clapping. Men can join the women's dance although women cannot join that of men. How do musical instruments and musical performances by women reflect their roles and status in other spheres?</p> <p>Through their lullabies women's song universally provides the earliest environment in which children develop language and musical sensibilities. When women work and perform rituals together and for each other, song and dance play an important part, but have rarely been recorded. The songs' explicit erotic content (often satiric and bantering) may have militated against fuller description.</p> <p>Where women have major economic and social roles, as in tropical Africa, women's participation and leadership in public song and dance performance is traditional. <note type="scholarNote">9. <persName key="Alan Lomax" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q558104">Alan Lomax</persName> and <persName key="Paulay, Forrestine" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/29736770/">Forrestine Paulay</persName>, <title>Dance and Human History</title> (film). Distributed by University of California Extension Media Center</note> In other cultures where the sexual spheres are more clearly hierarchical, men's and women's music is segregated. In rural <placeName key="Yugoslavia" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q36704">Yugoslavia</placeName> there are two categories of songs, "heroes'" songs and "women's" songs. Sung before an audience by a single male, heroes' songs idealize the male as heroic warrior. All other songs are called women's songs and are usually sung in groups by women, children or men: by describing suffering and everyday reality, they reveal women's skepticism and resistance to the heroic ideal. <note type="scholarNote">10. <persName key="Mary P. Coote" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q112375250">Mary P. Coote</persName>, "Women’s Songs in Serbo-Croatian,” <title>Journal of American Folklore</title>, 90 (1977), pp. 331-33</note></p> <p>In many agrarian cultures when women sing alone before a public audience they are considered prostitutes. A respectable woman is therefore restricted in her public activities. <note type="scholarNote">11. <persName key="McLeod, Norma" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/93860039/">Norma McLeod</persName> and <persName key="Marcia Herndon" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q98640039">Marcia Herndon</persName>, "The Bormliza: Maltese Folk song Style and Women," in <title>Women and Folklore</title>, ed. Claire Farrar (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1975), pp. 81-100.</note> Nomadic Arabic desert cultures, however, encourage women poets of distinction to compose commentaries on their society, which are sung in public. Among the <orgName key="Baggara" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q799892">Baggara</orgName> of the <placeName key="Sudan" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1049">Sudan</placeName>, women bards sing the history of the group, lead warriors into battle with songs and, in the system of tribal justice, sing of the crime and punishment of the convicted. "In performance a (bard) always stands out in the position of respected authority, her wit is appreciated and her techniques for composition are copied by young women aspiring to her position of influence in the community <note type="scholarNote">12. <persName key="Carlisle, Roxane Connick" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/58631966/">Roxane Connick Carlisle</persName>, "Women Singers in Darfur, Sudan Republic," <title>Anthropos</title> 68, 1973, pp. 785-798.</note> In what contexts are women's musical performances a commentary on their culture's history; and in what contexts do women articulate their own history, myths and opinions through dance and song!</p> </div> <pb facs="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/BucknellDSC/heresies/main/issue04/images/Heresies_04_125.jpg" n="122" xml:id="img_0125"/> <div> <head>WOMEN ARTISTS' COMMUNITIES</head> <p> Traditional women artists work in groups either by collaborating on one object (such as the long <lang>tapa</lang> cloths of <placeName key="Polynesia" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q35942">Polynesia</placeName>) or by establishing networks for techniques and innovations to be exchanged and for traditions to be taught. Women artists working as a community have been emphasized in research on <persName key="Puebloan peoples" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q852431"><orgName key="Puebloan peoples" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q852431">Pueblo</orgName></persName> and African potters; <orgName key="Pomo people" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1929613">Pomo</orgName>, <orgName key="Yurok people" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q34344">Yurok</orgName> and <orgName key="Karuk" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1455628">Karok</orgName> (California) basketweavers; and Plains quill and bead workers. Although expertise is recognized and acknowledged among these women, their artmaking is not highly competitive. In the village of Ushafa, Nigeria, women who "make the best ware only make special pots when commissioned to do so...otherwise, their pots are made to be indistinguishable from the rest."<note type="scholarNote">13. <persName>Jane</persName> and <persName>Donald Bandler</persName>, "The Pottery of Ushafa," <title>African Arts</title>, Spring 1977, pp. 26-31.</note> How do women artists interact and criticize each other's work in traditional societies, and do their communities differ from those of men artists?</p> <p>Since colonialism, commissions by traders who deal in traditional artifacts have tended to isolate experts from the other artists. Modern governments, by creating new training centers for the unskilled, have usurped the traditional roles of the experts. How does the alteration of their artistic communities affect women's art and status in their cultures?</p> </div> <div> <head>WOMEN’S ART AND CULTURAL CHANGE</head> <p> With the introduction of new materials, the substitution of imported objects and the influence of new images. Colonialism and cultural contact have altered the art of women in traditional societies. Women's response has often been inventive, appropriating objects and images and putting them to novel use. In a Ghana village women decorate the exterior doorways of their houses with imported china plates, turned to expose the manufacturers inscriptions, which they consider picturesque. <note type="scholarNote">14. Barbara Guggenheim, private communication.</note> Many colonized peoples, curious about other cultures, have incorporated their observations into their art, sometimes as ironic commentary, sometimes as an exploration of "exotic" designs. <orgName key="Indigenous peoples of the Americas" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q36747">North American Indian</orgName> women developed vine and flower patterns in their beadwork based, perhaps, on the crewel arts of the northern European colonists. The art of non-Western women has been appreciated in turn by Western women and used to decorate their homes. Near Eastern and native American rugs, for example, are a traditional women's art which has had a special place in the aesthetic environment of Western people. In contrast to the intense interest of art historians in discovering exactly when Western artists first saw African masks, the influences of the women's art from traditional societies on Western art of all kinds remains undocumented.</p> <p>The impact of colonialism has been contradictory for women. In some cases it has weakened the hold of patriarchs over women. In others, by ignoring women's traditional economic independence, it has provided education and employment primarily for men. If women are educated, they are required to sever connections with their own traditions. Most women, however, seem to retain the traditional fabrics and dress longer than men do, indicating, perhaps, both their skepticism about the benefits of modernization and their attempt to keep their cultural traditions intact. Modernization has sometimes eroded the barriers which traditionally prevented women from using anthropomorphic and zoomorphic images and from carving in wood and ivory. <note type="scholarNote">15. Simon Kooijman, “Tapa Techniques and Tapa Patterns in Poly- nesia in Primitive Art and Society, ed. Anthony Forge (London: Ox- ford University Press, 1973), p. 110.</note> In addition, since colonialism, wider markets for both old and new forms of women's art have developed.</p> <p>Colonization and modernization have also had quite negative impacts on women's artmaking. Institutions that once commissioned art produced by women, such as the refined tapa cloth used in <placeName key="Hawaii" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q782">Hawaii</placeName> to wrap god-figures, <note type="scholarNote">16. Mona Etienne, “Women and Men, Cloth and Colonization: The Transformation of Production-Distribution Relations among the Baule (Ivory Coast), <title>Cahiers d’Etudes Africaines</title> 65, XVII (1), 1977 (n.p.).</note> have often disappeared as the result of contact with Western missionaries. The basis for sharing resources by women and men has also changed. <orgName>Baule</orgName> women thread-makers lost their traditional ownership of the cloth men wove from their thread when it was replaced by manufactured thread. <note type="scholarNote">17. For example, Ruth Bunzel, <title>The Pueblo Potter</title> (New York: Dover Publications, reprint, 1969) and Lila M. O’Neale, “Yurok-Karok Basket Weavers, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 32, 1932, pp. 1-182.</note> Many of the utilitarian arts—local cloth, decorated hides, baskets and ceramics—have been replaced by imported cloth and plastic and metal containers. As traditional art forms are replaced by ones made from modern materials and by modern techniques, they may become rare commodities, sold to tourists and collectors.</p> <p>Through such sales the entire history of women's art may disappear from the culture which produced it.</p> <p>Although under modern influence women's traditional arts may continue, usually new images, styles or techniques are developed. How have these changes occurred? What changes in quality and meaning take place when women artists use new materials and begin to produce art for unfamiliar buyers? With the expansion of <pb facs="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/BucknellDSC/heresies/main/issue04/images/Heresies_04_126.jpg" n="126" xml:id="img_0126"/> the marketing of their arts has their economic base been eroded or strengthened? And, in those cases where the women's traditional art has disappeared, how do women adapt to this loss?</p> <p>We have reviewed some of the scattered evidence of the kinds of art women make in traditional societies and we have asked questions to stimulate further investigation. The few available in-depth studies were written mainly in the 1920s and 1930s by women anthropologists studying native American cultures. These ethnographers approached their field research with the attitude that within those cultures women's participation was real, perhaps central, and as women they had greater access to information from women. Many of the questions we want answered now were not asked by them. In order to compile a more complete history of women's artmaking, more ethnographies are needed, informed by feminist ideas. Women's art from traditional societies excites us with its beauty and its relevance to life. We want to know more about the circumstances in which it is made, used and appreciated. Only then will be begin to understand fully how women create culture.</p> <p>We are at the lakeside. To construct a feminist history of women artists we must consider all that has been written and unearth more. We must consider all that has been left out, as well. We must talk with each other, and out of the dialogue will come new ideas, new critiques. Through the superimposition of what we have known and what we are insisting on knowing, we can dispel the shadows which have remained too long.</p> </div> </div> </body> <back> <div> <p> Valerie Hollister is a painter of partial figures influenced by all kinds of decorative art. She lives in Swarthmore, Pennsylvania.</p> <p>Elizabeth Weatherford is a cultural anthropologist teaching at the School of Visual Arts in New York City. 123</p> </div> </back> </text> </TEI> Document Download Image - Name By the Lakeside There is an Echo Object Type XML document Related Item No
