29. Grands Projets. Document <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><?xml-model href="http://www.tei-c.org/release/xml/tei/custom/schema/relaxng/tei_all.rng" type="application/xml" schematypens="http://relaxng.org/ns/structure/1.0"?><?xml-stylesheet type="text/css" href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/BucknellDSC/suzette/master/CSS/suzette_cwrc.css"?><TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"> <teiHeader> <fileDesc> <titleStmt> <title type="main">Suzette: a Digital Edition</title> <respStmt> <persName>John Westbrook</persName> <orgName>Bucknell University</orgName> <resp>Editor</resp> </respStmt> <respStmt> <persName>Diane Jakacki</persName> <orgName>Bucknell University</orgName> <resp>Project Manager</resp> </respStmt> <respStmt> <persName>Annie Girton</persName> <orgName>Bucknell University</orgName> <resp>Research Assistant and Encoder, 2018-2020</resp> </respStmt> <respStmt> <persName>Sarah Haber</persName> <orgName>Bucknell University</orgName> <resp>Research Assistant and Encoder, 2020-Present</resp> </respStmt> <respStmt> <persName>Rebecca Heintzelman</persName> <orgName>Bucknell University</orgName> <resp>Research Assistant and Encoder, 2020-Present</resp> </respStmt> <respStmt> <persName>Juliya Harnood</persName> <orgName>Bucknell University</orgName> <resp>Research Assistant and Encoder, 2021-Present</resp> </respStmt> <respStmt> <persName>Jaehoon Pyon</persName> <orgName>Bucknell University</orgName> <resp>Research Assistant and Encoder, 2023-Present</resp> </respStmt> </titleStmt> <publicationStmt> <distributor>Bucknell University</distributor> <pubPlace> <address> <addrLine>One Dent Drive</addrLine> <addrLine>Lewisburg, PA 17837</addrLine> </address> </pubPlace> <availability> <licence>Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International</licence> </availability> </publicationStmt> <sourceDesc> <biblStruct> <monogr> <title>Suzette: Livre de Lecture Courante à l’Usage des Jeunes Filles. Morale—Leçon de choses, Economie Domestique – Ménage – Cuisine – Couture</title> <author>Robert Halt</author> <textLang>French</textLang> <imprint> <date>1889</date> <distributor>Libraire Classique Paul Delaplane</distributor> <pubPlace>Paris, France</pubPlace> </imprint> </monogr> </biblStruct> </sourceDesc> </fileDesc> <xenoData><rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#" xmlns:as="http://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams#" xmlns:cwrc="http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:dcterms="http://purl.org/dc/terms/" xmlns:foaf="http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/" xmlns:geo="http://www.geonames.org/ontology#" xmlns:oa="http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#" xmlns:schema="http://schema.org/" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#" xmlns:fabio="https://purl.org/spar/fabio#" xmlns:bf="http://www.openlinksw.com/schemas/bif#" xmlns:cito="https://sparontologies.github.io/cito/current/cito.html#" 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Employer\n mal, ne pas tirer profit par maladresse ou négligence." }, "as:generator": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu", "@type": "as:Application", "rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer", "schema:url": "https://leaf-writer.lincsproject.ca/", "schema:softwareVersion": "3.2.2" } }]]> </rdf:Description> </rdf:RDF></xenoData><profileDesc> <langUsage> <language ident="fr">French</language> <language ident="en">English</language> </langUsage> </profileDesc> </teiHeader> <text> <body> <div xmlns:ns0="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="chapitre" xml:lang="fr" n="ch029"> <pb facs="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/BucknellDSC/suzette/master/images/page_images/Suzette_102.jpg" type="page" n="102"/> <head type="chapter">29. Grands Projets. </head> <div type="récit"> <p>Il y avait belle lurette*<note type="annotation">Belle lurette. Longtemps.</note> que le nez de M. <persName type="fictif" key="françois">François</persName> était rendu à sa forme naturelle, à sa taille ordinaire, et que, grâce à l'emploi du fil de fer, l'éteignoir à chandelle avait manœuvré sans accident. Il manœuvrerait peut-être encore, si <persName type="fictif" key="m_dumay">M. Dumay</persName>, en mettant enfin sous clef la boite aux outils et aux clous, n'eût arrêté toute cette mécanique.</p> <p>Mais des outils, il y en a plein la nature *<note type="annotation">La nature. Ce qui nous entoure.</note> : les épines, les cailloux, les pierres, les os, le bois : voilà la matière et les premiers instruments du travail ; et comment, avec tout cela, empêcher un inventeur d'inventer ? <persName type="fictif" key="françois">François</persName>, maintenant, fabriquait des briquets, des porte-allumettes, des manches de couteaux.</p> <p><persName type="fictif" key="charlot">Charlot</persName>, lui, prenait ses neuf ans et la tournure d'un garçon posé et gentil, faisant vraiment honneur à <persName type="fictif" key="suzette">Suzette</persName>, très occupée de son éducation* <note type="annotation">Education. Science qui a pour objet de développer et de cultiver les facultés de l'enfant.</note>.</p> <p>Et le trio fraternel était reconstitué *<note type="annotation">Reconstitué. Tel qu'il était auparavant.</note>, car <persName type="fictif" key="jacques">Jacques</persName>, après trois ans d'études à l'école d'agriculture, venait précisément d'en sortir.</p> <p>Presque aussi grand que le papa, auquel il ressemblait beaucoup, avec une grosse voix d'homme et des moustaches qui se voyaient sans lunettes, c'était <fw type="header"> GRANDS PROJETS. 103</fw> <pb facs="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/BucknellDSC/suzette/master/images/page_images/Suzette_103.jpg" type="page" n="103"/> un de ces grands frères qu'on a du plaisir à regarder. On ne s'en faisait pas faute, et le papa en était tout ému.</p> <p>Le jour de l'arrivée, il s'écria :</p> <p>— Enfin, enfin ! le voilà, mon fils ! il va m'aider !</p> <p>Il l'attendait impatiemment : le poids de sa tâche avait déjà courbé le dos et la force de l'excellent homme.</p> <p>— Oui, cher père, dit <persName type="fictif" key="jacques">Jacques</persName> en l'embrassant, me voilà avec des bras solides et quelques bonnes idées en tête !</p> <p>Il regarda autour de lui : le buffet, la table, les chaises, brillaient comme des bijoux. Du plafond, une jardinière* <note type="annotation">Jardinière. Meuble d'ornement qui suppporte une caisse où l'on met des fleurs.</note> suspendue laissait tomber des traînées fleuries de géranium-lierre ; un gros bouquet d'œillets, de roses, de réséda ornait le manteau de la cheminée pour fêter son arrivée. Le <objectName>couvert</objectName> était mis sur une <objectName>nappe</objectName> blanc de neige, parfumée de muguet. Sur le <objectName>poêle</objectName>, la <objectName>marmite</objectName> exhalait de bonnes <objectName>senteurs</objectName>.</p> <p>— Merci, <persName type="fictif" key="suzette">Suzette</persName>, tout cela est bien joli, bien cordial*<note type="annotation">Cordial. Qui vient du cœur.</note>. Ce que tu as fait si gentiment dans ton domaine, je le ferai dans le mien. Vous verrez, mon père, quelle belle culture je vous apporte de l'école, le bon emploi des choses que nous gâchons* <note type="annotation">Gâcher. Employer mal, ne pas tirer profit par maladresse ou négligence.</note> par ignorance, la création de ressources nouvelles, la sélection, c'est-à-dire le choix à faire des semences, des races de <objectName>bétail</objectName>, de la <objectName>volaille</objectName>. Une basse-cour bien menée doit, à elle seule, suffire à l'entretien de la famille. Cette maison de nos pères est encore solide ; ils l'ont soigneusement bâtie ; nous y ajouterons des granges, des étables, pour continuer, en l'élargissant, l'œuvre commencée ; car le présent n'est que l'amélioration du passé.</p> <figure> <caption><hi> L'étable. </hi> On doit traire les vaches immédiatement avant qu'elles aillent aux champs ou aussitôt après qu'elles en sont revenues ; on les trait deux fois par jour en été et une fois en hiver.</caption> </figure> <fw type="header">104 SUZETTE.</fw> <pb facs="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/BucknellDSC/suzette/master/images/page_images/Suzette_104.jpg" type="page" n="104"/> </div> <div type="questionnaire"> <head>Questionnaire.</head> <list> <item>— Qu’était-il advenu de <persName type="fictif" key="françois">François</persName> ?</item> <item>— Que transformait-il en outils, et quels outils fabriquait-il ?</item> <item>— Que devenait <persName type="fictif" key="charlot">Charlot</persName> ?</item> <item>— Parlez du retour de <persName type="fictif" key="jacques">Jacques</persName> et faites le portrait de ce jeune homme.</item> <item>— Pourquoi le père désirait-il le revoir à la ferme ?</item> <item>— Quel aspect gracieux présentait la chambre de famille ?</item> <item>— Parlez des préparatifs du <objectName>repas</objectName>.</item> <item>— Quel compliment fit <persName type="fictif" key="jacques">Jacques</persName> à sa sœur ?</item> <item>— Quelles améliorations projetait-il pour la ferme ?</item> <item>— Que doit être le présent pour les gens laborieux ?</item> </list> </div> <div type="exercices"> <head>DÉVELOPPEMENT DES SUJETS PROPOSÉS POUR EXERCICES</head> <div type="morale" xml:id="sujmor_029"> <head type="sujets">Morale.</head> <div type="questions"> <list type="exercices"> <item>Qu'est-ce que l'on acquiert par l'instruction ?</item> <item> — A quoi sert chacune de nos diverses connaissances ?</item> <item>— Qu'entendez-vous par l'éducation du cœur ?</item> <item>— Pourquoi cette éducation doit-elle toujours accompagner l'instruction ?</item> </list> </div> <div type="réponses"> <p>L'instruction nous fait acquérir les connaissances nécessaires pour que chacun puisse tirer parti de ses facultés ; elle contribue puissamment à former l'esprit et le jugement ; elle facilite l'éducation de la conscience et du caractère.</p> <p>A l'école, l'instruction se fonde sur la morale dont « Dieu est le dernier mot, comme la morale elle-même est la base de la vraie liberté et du vrai patriotisme. » (<persName type="historique" ref="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q365733">Franck</persName>, de l'Institut.) Elle comprend, outre la lecture et l'écriture, des notions sur les éléments de la langue maternelle, du calcul, de l'histoire nationale, de la géographie et des sciences naturelles, dans leurs applications les plus utiles aux usages de l'industrie, de l'agriculture, de l'économie domestique et de l'hygiène. La loi prescrit d'ajouter à ce programme, où rien n'est superflu, les premiers principes du dessin, du chant et de la gymnastique.</p> <p>Chacune de ces diverses connaissances a un objet précis indiqué par le nom qu'on lui attribue, et toutes correspondent aux nécessités, aux obligations et aux devoirs de la vie réelle chez une nation civilisée.</p> <p> L'instruction doit être égale pour les enfants des deux sexes, en ce sens que chacun a le droit de connaître ce qui lui est rigoureusement utile, mais elle est différente dans ses détails. Comme le dit <persName type="historique">M. Legouvé</persName> : « Elle présente l'égalité dans la différence. »</p> <p>On entend par éducation du cœur les directions, les conseils et les exemples qui font aimer aux enfants ce qui est bien, ce qui est bon, délicat et généreux. </p> <p>Dans tous les temps, chez tous les peuples civilisés, on n'a jamais séparé l'instruction de l'éducation. Autrement, « l'instruction serait un mal pire que l'ignorance, parce qu'elle fait naître de nouveaux besoins sans fournir de moyens honnêtes pour les satisfaire. » (<persName type="historique" ref="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q471523">De Sandis</persName>, ministre de l'instruction publique en <placeName corresp="#suzpl0015" key="Italy" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q38">Italie</placeName>, 16 janvier 1875.)</p> <p><l>« Utile compagne des métiers et des professions de tout genre, </l> <l>« source de jouissances dans la solitude et d'agrément dans le com- </l> <l>« merce de la vie, l'instruction n'est ni la directrice de la conduite, </l> <l>« ni la régulatrice des mœurs ; elle est un secours, une parure, et, </l> <l>« par conséquent, elle peut servir au mal comme au bien, et couvrir </l> <l>« le vice comme la vertu. Si elle accroît la moralité humaine, elle ne </l> <l>« l'inspire pas ; mal dirigée, elle devient un danger. »</l> (<persName type="historique">Vessiot</persName>, inspecteur d'académie.) Donc, tout système d'instruction doit être fondé sur un enseignement moral : ainsi d'ailleurs l'a compris le gouvernement français dans la rédaction des Programmes scolaires.</p> </div> </div> <div type="horticulture"> <head type="sujets">Horticulture.</head> <div type="questions"> <list type="exercices"> <item>— Quelles fleurs une jeune fille, une ménagère peuvent-elles cultiver dans le jardin de la maison ; — dans des pots, à la ville, pour orner les chambres à la belle saison ?</item> <item>— Comment se <fw type="header">GRANDS PROJETS. 105</fw> <pb facs="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/BucknellDSC/suzette/master/images/page_images/Suzette_105.jpg" type="page" n="105"/> procure-t-on ces fleurs à bon compte ? — Récolte des graines ; manière de les conserver.</item> </list> </div> <div type="réponses"> <p>Dans le jardin de la maison, une jeune fille ou sa mère peuvent cultiver successivement des perce-neige, des violettes, des pervenches, des primevères, des tulipes ; puis, quand la température devient plus chaude, elle plante des dahlias, des géraniums, des pois de senteur, des haricots d'Espagne, des belles-de-nuit, des pétunias, des balsamines, des verveines, des giroflées, des juliennes, des phlox, des reines-marguerites, des œillets d'Inde, des tagettes, etc. Elle entretiendra comme plantes vivaces et arbustes, les pivoines, les lis, les rosiers, les fuchsias, les hortensias.</p> <p>A la ville, on aura, en hiver, des jacinthes, des crocus, des primevères, des roses de Noël ; au printemps, des tulipes, des narcisses, des giroflées, et à mesure qu'avancera la belle saison, des rosiers nains, des fuchsias, des géraniums, des fulgens, des bégonias, des azalées et divers feuillages.</p> <p>A la campagne, on se procure facilement des fleurs en semant des graines recueillies en automne ou achetées chez les grainiers de la ville. Les graines seront choisies sur les pieds vigoureux ; on ne prendra que les plus mûres et les plus saines, et on les conservera dans des sachets, en un lieu sec dont la température sera toujours égale pendant la saison rigoureuse.</p> </div> </div> <div type="économie_domestique" xml:id="sujeco_029"> <head type="sujets">Économie domestique.</head> <div type="questions"> <list type="exercices"> <item>— Quelles fleurs placerez-vous : sur vos fenêtres, sur la cheminée, sur la table ?</item> </list> </div> <div type="réponses"> <p>Je placerai de préférence sur les fenêtres des plantes grimpantes qui tamiseront les rayons brûlants du soleil d'été, telles que les volubilis, les pois de senteur. Sur la cheminée, il convient de placer des fleurs peu encombrantes, comme les jacinthes, les tulipes, les giroflées ou un feuillage. Enfin, sur la table, des feuillages à larges feuilles, des azalées, un camélia égayeront les regards.</p> </div> </div> <div type="hygiène" xml:id="sujhyg_029"> <head type="sujets">Hygiène.</head> <div type="questions"> <list type="exercices"> <item>— Quand ne faut-il pas laisser de fleurs dans les chambres ?</item> <item>— Quel effet y produisent-elles ?</item> <item>— Comment procéder lorsqu'on a des fleurs ?</item> </list> </div> <div type="réponses"> <p>Pendant la nuit, les fleurs dégagent de l'acide carbonique, gaz malsain qui peut produire l'asphyxie ou causer de violents maux de tête quand il entre en trop forte proportion dans l'air que nous respirons. Il est donc dangereux de maintenir des fleurs pendant la nuit dans les chambres à coucher ; il faut, jusqu'au matin, les déposer soit dans un vestibule, soit dans une pièce non habitée.</p> </div> </div> <div type="industrie" xml:id="sujind_029"> <head type="sujets">Industrie.</head> <div type="questions"> <list type="exercices"> <item>— Préparation et usages de la <objectName>crème</objectName>.</item> <item>— Fabrication et usages du <objectName>beurre</objectName> (<objectName>baratte</objectName>, pétrissage, moulage, etc.).</item> <item>— Régions d'où l'on tire le meilleur <objectName>beurre</objectName>.</item> <item>— Fabrication et usages du <objectName>fromage</objectName>.</item> <item>— Diverses sortes de <objectName>fromages</objectName>.</item> <item>— Pays d'où viennent les meilleurs <objectName>fromages</objectName>.</item> <item>— Prix de la <objectName>crème</objectName>, du litre de <objectName>lait</objectName>, du demi-kilogramme de <objectName>beurre</objectName>, d'un <objectName>fromage</objectName> dont vous mangez ordinairement ; le tout au cours du dernier <objectName>marché</objectName>.</item> </list> </div> <div type="réponses"> <p>LA <objectName>CRÈME</objectName>. — La <objectName>crème</objectName> est la partie la plus grasse du <objectName>lait</objectName> ; elle est plus légère que l'autre, ce qui fait qu'elle tend à monter à la partie supérieure des <objectName>pots</objectName> où l'on verse le <objectName>lait</objectName>. On la recueille au moyen de <objectName>cuillers</objectName> dans des <objectName>vases</objectName> larges et peu profonds quelques heures après que le <objectName>lait</objectName> y repose. C'est un <objectName>aliment</objectName> agréable, rafraîchissant, et on l'emploie principalement en <objectName>cuisine</objectName> pour les <objectName>sauces</objectName> et les <objectName>liaisons</objectName>.</p> <p>LE <objectName>BEURRE</objectName>. — Le <objectName>beurre</objectName> est une <objectName>substance alimentaire</objectName>, grasse, onctueuse, de couleur jaunâtre et qui provient de la <objectName>crème</objectName>. Pour <term>faire le <objectName>beurre</objectName></term>, on introduit de la <objectName>crème</objectName> dans un <objectName>vase de bois conique</objectName> appelé <term><objectName>baratte</objectName></term>, dont le <objectName>couvercle</objectName> supérieur est percé d'un <fw type="header">106 SUZETTE.</fw> <pb facs="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/BucknellDSC/suzette/master/images/page_images/Suzette_106.jpg" type="page" n="106"/> trou par où passe un bâton terminé par une épaisse <objectName>rondelle de bois</objectName>. On élève et l'on abaisse rapidement ce <objectName>bâton</objectName>, dit <term><objectName>bat-beurre</objectName></term>, dans la <objectName>crème</objectName>. Peu à peu le <objectName>beurre</objectName> apparaît et se réunit en <objectName>grumeaux</objectName> ; alors on le retire à la main ; on le pétrit et finalement on le lave à grande <objectName>eau</objectName> pour qu'il y reste le moins possible de <objectName>petit-lait</objectName>. On obtient ainsi des <objectName>pains</objectName> auxquels on donne diverses formes à l'aide de <objectName>moules en bois</objectName>.</p> <p>Le meilleur <objectName>beurre</objectName> provient de la <placeName corresp="suzpl0297" key="Normandy" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q18677875">Normandie</placeName> et de la <placeName corresp="#suzpl0297" key="Brittany" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q12130">Bretagne</placeName>, parce qu'on y donne à la fabrication les soins qu'elle exige.</p> <p>LE <objectName>FROMAGE</objectName>. — Le <objectName>fromage</objectName> est un <objectName>aliment</objectName> qui se fait avec du <objectName>lait</objectName> séparé de la <objectName>crème</objectName> et du <objectName>petit-lait</objectName>. Toutefois, lorsqu'on veut qu'il soit tendre et de bon goût, on y laisse un peu de <objectName>crème</objectName>.</p> <p>Pour faire le <objectName>fromage</objectName>, on introduit la matière tirée du <objectName>lait</objectName>, le <term><objectName>caillé</objectName></term>, dans un <objectName>moule cylindrique en osier</objectName> ; elle s'y égoutte et prend de la consistance. Ce produit, connu sous le nom de <term><objectName>fromage frais</objectName></term>, peut être mangé. Si on fait égoutter plus longtemps le <objectName>fromage</objectName>, après l'avoir salé à diverses reprises et en le retournant tous les jours, on obtient du <objectName>fromage</objectName> plus ferme et de longue conservation. Ceux qui contiennent de la <objectName>crème</objectName> deviennent, après ce traitement, onctueux comme du <objectName>beurre</objectName> ; tels sont les <objectName>fromages</objectName> de <objectName/><objectName><placeName corresp="suzpl0338" key="Brie" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q914050">Brie</placeName></objectName>, de <placeName corresp="suzpl0339" key="Camembert" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q217077"><objectName>Camembert</objectName></placeName>, d'<objectName><objectName cert="high" evidence="internal" full="yes" instant="unknown" key="fromage" xml:space="default"/></objectName><placeName corresp="suzpl0340" key="Époisses" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q287529">Epoisses</placeName>, de <placeName corresp="suzpl0341" key="Rollot" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q711896"><objectName>Rollot</objectName></placeName>, de <placeName corresp="suzpl0342" key="Gérardmer" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q461219">Gérardmer</placeName><objectName/>, d'<placeName corresp="suzpl0343" key="Auvergne" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1152">Auvergne</placeName><objectName/>, de <objectName><placeName corresp="suzpl0344" key="Neufchâtel-en-Bray" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q659248">Neufchâtel</placeName></objectName>.</p> <p>Nous ne parlerons que pour mémoire des énormes <objectName>fromages</objectName> de <objectName/><placeName corresp="suzpl0345" key="Gruyères" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q69600">Gruyère</placeName> fabriqués dans le <placeName>Jura</placeName> et qui sont si appréciés, du roquefort à la <objectName>pâte</objectName> duquel on mêle des <objectName>moisissures</objectName> pour qu'il présente des <objectName>marbrures</objectName>. Ce dernier est d'un prix élevé et il est très recherché des amateurs.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </body> </text> </TEI>
9. — La clef du trésor. 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Époque ou cérémonie\n que ramène le souvenir d'un événement arrivé à pareil jour. " }, "as:generator": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu", "@type": "as:Application", "rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer", "schema:url": "https://leaf-writer.lincsproject.ca/", "schema:softwareVersion": "3.2.2" } }]]> </rdf:Description> <rdf:Description rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld/"> <![CDATA[{ "@context": { "dcterms:created": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:created" }, "dcterms:issued": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:issued" }, "oa:motivatedBy": { "@type": "oa:Motivation" }, "@language": "en", "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#", "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#", "as": "http://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams#", "cwrc": "http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#", "dc": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/", "dcterms": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/", "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/", "geo": "http://www.geonames.org/ontology#", "oa": "http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#", "schema": "http://schema.org/", "xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#", "fabio": "https://purl.org/spar/fabio#", "bf": "http://www.openlinksw.com/schemas/bif#", "cito": "https://sparontologies.github.io/cito/current/cito.html#", "org": "http://www.w3.org/ns/org#" }, "id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2023-07/suzette_ch009.xml?note_annotation_20230706163258625", "type": "oa:Annotation", "dcterms:created": "2023-07-06T20:32:58.625Z", "dcterms:creator": { "@id": "5", "@type": [ "cwrc:NaturalPerson", "schema:Person" ], "cwrc:hasName": "John Westbrook" }, "oa:motivatedBy": "oa:describing", "oa:hasTarget": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2023-07/suzette_ch009.xml?note_annotation_20230706163258625#Target", "@type": "oa:SpecificResource", "oa:hasSource": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2023-07/suzette_ch009.xml", "@type": "dctypes:Text", "dc:format": "text/xml" }, "oa:renderedVia": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu", "@type": "as:Application", "rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer", "schema:softwareVersion": "3.2.2" }, "oa:hasSelector": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2023-07/suzette_ch009.xml?note_annotation_20230706163258625#Selector", "@type": "oa:XPathSelector", "rdf:value": "TEI/text/body/div/div/p[8]/note" } }, "oa:hasBody": { "@type": "oa:TextualBody", "dc:format": "text/plain", "rdf:value": " Stérilité d'esprit. Etat d'une personne incapable de tirer\n parti de ce qu’elle sait. " }, "as:generator": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu", "@type": "as:Application", "rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer", "schema:url": "https://leaf-writer.lincsproject.ca/", "schema:softwareVersion": "3.2.2" } }]]> </rdf:Description> <rdf:Description rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld/"> <![CDATA[{ "@context": { "dcterms:created": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:created" }, "dcterms:issued": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:issued" }, "oa:motivatedBy": { "@type": "oa:Motivation" }, "@language": "en", "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#", "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#", "as": "http://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams#", "cwrc": "http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#", "dc": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/", "dcterms": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/", "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/", "geo": "http://www.geonames.org/ontology#", "oa": "http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#", "schema": "http://schema.org/", "xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#", "fabio": "https://purl.org/spar/fabio#", "bf": "http://www.openlinksw.com/schemas/bif#", "cito": "https://sparontologies.github.io/cito/current/cito.html#", "org": "http://www.w3.org/ns/org#" }, "id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2023-07/suzette_ch009.xml?note_annotation_20230706163258626", "type": "oa:Annotation", "dcterms:created": "2023-07-06T20:32:58.626Z", "dcterms:creator": { "@id": "5", "@type": [ "cwrc:NaturalPerson", "schema:Person" ], "cwrc:hasName": "John Westbrook" }, "oa:motivatedBy": "oa:describing", "oa:hasTarget": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2023-07/suzette_ch009.xml?note_annotation_20230706163258626#Target", "@type": "oa:SpecificResource", "oa:hasSource": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2023-07/suzette_ch009.xml", "@type": "dctypes:Text", "dc:format": "text/xml" }, "oa:renderedVia": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu", "@type": "as:Application", "rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer", "schema:softwareVersion": "3.2.2" }, "oa:hasSelector": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2023-07/suzette_ch009.xml?note_annotation_20230706163258626#Selector", "@type": "oa:XPathSelector", "rdf:value": "TEI/text/body/div/div/p[15]/note" } }, "oa:hasBody": { "@type": "oa:TextualBody", "dc:format": "text/plain", "rdf:value": " Almanach. Petit livre ou calendrier qui\n contient la liste des jours de l'année avec des prédictions relatives au temps.\n " }, "as:generator": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu", "@type": "as:Application", "rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer", "schema:url": "https://leaf-writer.lincsproject.ca/", "schema:softwareVersion": "3.2.2" } }]]> </rdf:Description> <rdf:Description rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld/"> <![CDATA[{ "@context": { "dcterms:created": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:created" }, "dcterms:issued": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:issued" }, "oa:motivatedBy": { "@type": "oa:Motivation" }, "@language": "en", "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#", "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#", "as": "http://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams#", "cwrc": "http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#", "dc": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/", "dcterms": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/", "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/", "geo": "http://www.geonames.org/ontology#", "oa": "http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#", "schema": "http://schema.org/", "xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#", "fabio": "https://purl.org/spar/fabio#", "bf": "http://www.openlinksw.com/schemas/bif#", "cito": "https://sparontologies.github.io/cito/current/cito.html#", "org": "http://www.w3.org/ns/org#" }, "id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2023-07/suzette_ch009.xml?note_annotation_20230706163258627", "type": "oa:Annotation", "dcterms:created": "2023-07-06T20:32:58.627Z", "dcterms:creator": { "@id": "5", "@type": [ "cwrc:NaturalPerson", "schema:Person" ], "cwrc:hasName": "John Westbrook" }, "oa:motivatedBy": "oa:describing", "oa:hasTarget": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2023-07/suzette_ch009.xml?note_annotation_20230706163258627#Target", "@type": "oa:SpecificResource", "oa:hasSource": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2023-07/suzette_ch009.xml", "@type": "dctypes:Text", "dc:format": "text/xml" }, "oa:renderedVia": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu", "@type": "as:Application", "rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer", "schema:softwareVersion": "3.2.2" }, "oa:hasSelector": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2023-07/suzette_ch009.xml?note_annotation_20230706163258627#Selector", "@type": "oa:XPathSelector", "rdf:value": "TEI/text/body/div/div/p[20]/note" } }, "oa:hasBody": { "@type": "oa:TextualBody", "dc:format": "text/plain", "rdf:value": " Bibliothèque. Lieu ou meuble dans\n lequel on réunit beaucoup de livres. " }, "as:generator": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu", "@type": "as:Application", "rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer", "schema:url": "https://leaf-writer.lincsproject.ca/", "schema:softwareVersion": "3.2.2" } }]]> </rdf:Description> <rdf:Description rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld/"> <![CDATA[{ "@context": { "dcterms:created": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:created" }, "dcterms:issued": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:issued" }, "oa:motivatedBy": { "@type": "oa:Motivation" }, "@language": "en", "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#", "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#", "as": "http://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams#", "cwrc": "http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#", "dc": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/", "dcterms": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/", "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/", "geo": "http://www.geonames.org/ontology#", "oa": "http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#", "schema": "http://schema.org/", "xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#", "fabio": "https://purl.org/spar/fabio#", "bf": "http://www.openlinksw.com/schemas/bif#", "cito": "https://sparontologies.github.io/cito/current/cito.html#", "org": "http://www.w3.org/ns/org#" }, "id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2023-07/suzette_ch009.xml?note_annotation_20230706163258629", "type": "oa:Annotation", "dcterms:created": "2023-07-06T20:32:58.629Z", "dcterms:creator": { "@id": "5", "@type": [ "cwrc:NaturalPerson", "schema:Person" ], "cwrc:hasName": "John Westbrook" }, "oa:motivatedBy": "oa:describing", "oa:hasTarget": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2023-07/suzette_ch009.xml?note_annotation_20230706163258629#Target", "@type": "oa:SpecificResource", "oa:hasSource": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2023-07/suzette_ch009.xml", "@type": "dctypes:Text", "dc:format": "text/xml" }, "oa:renderedVia": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu", "@type": "as:Application", "rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer", "schema:softwareVersion": "3.2.2" }, "oa:hasSelector": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2023-07/suzette_ch009.xml?note_annotation_20230706163258629#Selector", "@type": "oa:XPathSelector", "rdf:value": "TEI/text/body/div/div/p[24]/note" } }, "oa:hasBody": { "@type": "oa:TextualBody", "dc:format": "text/plain", "rdf:value": " Réfléchi. Le contraire d'étourdi. " }, "as:generator": { "@id": "https://leaf.bucknell.edu", "@type": "as:Application", "rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer", "schema:url": "https://leaf-writer.lincsproject.ca/", "schema:softwareVersion": "3.2.2" } }]]> </rdf:Description> <rdf:Description rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld/"> <![CDATA[{ "@context": { "dcterms:created": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:created" }, "dcterms:issued": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:issued" }, "oa:motivatedBy": { "@type": "oa:Motivation" }, "@language": "en", "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#", "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#", "as": "http://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams#", "cwrc": "http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#", "dc": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/", "dcterms": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/", "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/", "geo": "http://www.geonames.org/ontology#", "oa": "http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#", "schema": "http://schema.org/", "xsd": 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"https://leaf-writer.lincsproject.ca/", "schema:softwareVersion": "3.4.0" } }]]> </rdf:Description> </rdf:RDF></xenoData><profileDesc> <langUsage> <language ident="fr">French</language> <language ident="en">English</language> </langUsage> </profileDesc> </teiHeader> <text> <body> <div xmlns:ns0="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="chapitre" xml:lang="fr" n="ch009"> <pb type="page" n="29" facs="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/BucknellDSC/suzette/master/images/page_images/Suzette_029.jpg"/> <head> 9. — La clef du trésor . </head> <div type="récit"> <p><persName type="fictif" key="suzette">Suzette</persName> avait maintenant douze ans, et c'était pour elle la fin des classes qui arrive toujours un peu trop vite. </p> <fw type="footer"/> <pb type="page" n="30" facs="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/BucknellDSC/suzette/master/images/page_images/Suzette_030.jpg"/> <p> A ces douze ans-là s'ajoutaient un teint clair, des dents blanches et propres, une souple et longue chevelure ornant un visage à l'air ouvert et avenant. Le jour de son anniversaire* <note type="annotation"> Anniversaire. Époque ou cérémonie que ramène le souvenir d'un événement arrivé à pareil jour. </note> tombait juste la veille des vacances. </p> <p> Comme les élèves, assez pressées de les commencer, se levaient, sans attendre le coup de l'horloge, <persName type="fictif" key="mme_valon">Mme Valon</persName> les fit rasseoir. </p> <figure type="sujets"> <caption>L'art du livre.</caption> <caption>Les <term>caractères d'imprimerie</term> sont de petites tiges de métal qui portent en relief à l'une de leurs extrémités une lettre de l'alphabet. L’ouvrier appelé <term>compositeur</term> forme, avec ces lettres, des mots, puis des lignes, enfin une page. La page composée et corrigée est placée sous une machine appelée <term>presse</term> ; un rouleau imbibé d'encre d'imprimerie recouvre de noir les caractères ; on place ensuite sur ces caractères une feuille de papier sur laquelle on opère une pression, de façon que les lettres mouillées d'encre s'impriment en noir sur le papier. </caption> </figure> <p> — Encore un moment, dit-elle ; plusieurs d'entre vous ne me reviendront plus : je dois leur adresser une question. Elles s'en vont sachant au moins lire ; mais savent-elles pourquoi l'école leur a appris à lire ? </p> <p> La plupart des nez se levèrent vers le plafond comme si la réponse eût dû s'y trouver, et <persName type="fictif" key="mme_valon">Mme Valon</persName> répéta sa demande. </p> <p> — Eh bien ! reprit-elle, après un nouveau silence, on vous a appris à lire, tout simplement pour que vous lisiez ! </p> <pb type="page" n="31" facs="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/BucknellDSC/suzette/master/images/page_images/Suzette_031.jpg"/> <p>Les demoiselles de douze ans, et les autres plus jeunes, se mirent à rire. </p> <p> — Oui, reprit <persName type="fictif" key="mme_valon">Mme Valon</persName>, vous emportez d'ici la lecture, clef d'un vaste trésor qui est le savoir. Beaucoup de celles qui vous ont précédées sur ces bancs ont oublié cette clef au fond de leur poche et sont retournées aussitôt à la pauvreté, à la stérilité d'esprit* <note type="annotation"> Stérilité d'esprit. Etat d'une personne incapable de tirer parti de ce qu’elle sait. </note> d'où l'école avait voulu les tirer. Voyons, <persName type="fictif" key="jeanne">Jeanne</persName>, et toi, <persName type="fictif" key="madeleine">Madeleine</persName>, et toi, <persName type="fictif" key="suzette">Suzette</persName>, vous me comprenez ? </p> <p> — Oui, Madame.</p> <p>— Eh bien ! que ferez-vous de la clef ? </p> <p> — Nous ouvririons le trésor, répondit <persName type="fictif" key="suzette">Suzette</persName>, si nous avions des livres. </p> <p> — A la bonne heure ! </p> <p> — Mais nous n'en avons pas. </p> <p> — Vraiment! pas un seul chez aucune de vous ? </p> <p> — Moi, dit <persName type="fictif" key="madeleine">Madeleine</persName>, j'en ai un : l'almanach* <note type="annotation"> Almanach. Petit livre ou calendrier qui contient la liste des jours de l'année avec des prédictions relatives au temps. </note> de <persName type="historique" ref="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55125147">Mathieu Lænsberg</persName>. </p> <p> — Moi, s'écria <persName type="fictif" key="jeanne">Jeanne</persName>, j'en ai trois. </p> <p> — Moi, quatre, dit <persName type="fictif" key="suzette">Suzette</persName>. </p> <p> — En y comprenant l’almanach, reprit en souriant <persName type="fictif" key="mme_valon">Mme Valon</persName>, cela fait déjà huit. Et vous autres ? </p> <p> Chacune dit son chiffre, et l'addition donna soixante-trois livres. </p> <p> — Vous me les apporterez ; j'en ferai un choix ; avec une quarantaine d'ouvrages de ma bibliothèque* <note type="annotation"> Bibliothèque. Lieu ou meuble dans lequel on réunit beaucoup de livres. </note> que j'ajouterai, voilà le trésor commun à vous toutes ; vous y puiserez librement et nous l'accroîtrons avec un peu de bonne volonté. Ce sera le commencement de la bibliothèque scolaire du village. J'attends vos livres demain... Et maintenant, séparons-nous sans adieu. Vous, grandes filles, qui quittez l'école, n'oubliez pas qu'avec cette bibliothèque, vous avez encore ici une amie. </p> <p> Spontanément les grandes filles se levèrent de leurs bancs, et entourèrent <persName type="fictif" key="mme_valon">Mme Valon</persName>. Les petites, celles qui devaient revenir dans six semaines, firent de même. On embrassa l'institutrice, car on l'aimait. </p> <p> — Allons, hop ! en vacances ! dit-elle avec un sourire ému. </p> <p> Ce fut une envolée d'oiseaux à qui l'on ouvre la cage. </p> <pb type="page" n="32" facs="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/BucknellDSC/suzette/master/images/page_images/Suzette_032.jpg"/> <p><persName type="fictif" key="suzette">Suzette</persName>, qui avait le cœur tendre et réfléchi* <note type="annotation"> Réfléchi. Le contraire d'étourdi. </note>, dit adieu d'un mélancolique regard à ces murs, à son banc, aux six années de sa jeune vie déjà passées là. </p> </div> <div type="questionnaire"> <head> Questionnaire. </head> <list> <item>— Faites le portrait de <persName type="fictif" key="suzette">Suzette</persName> à douze ans.</item> <item>— Qu'entendez-vous par anniversaire, par vacances ?</item> <item>— Quelle question adressa <persName type="fictif" key="mme_valon">Mme Valon</persName> à ses élèves sur l'utilité de la lecture ?</item> <item>— Pourquoi tant d'élèves oublient-elles ce qu'elles ont appris à l'école ?</item> <item>— A quelle condition peut-on lire ?</item> <item>— Que proposa madame l'institutrice pour former une bibliothèque scolaire ?</item> <item>— Quels avantages présente une bibliothèque scolaire ?</item> <item>— Quel mot affectueux dit <persName type="fictif" key="mme_valon">Mme Valon</persName> aux enfants ?</item> <item>— Comment celles-ci prirent-elles congé d'elle ?</item> <item>— Pourquoi aimaient-elles <persName type="fictif" key="mme_valon">Mme Valon</persName> ?</item> <item>— Quelle pensée attristait <persName type="fictif" key="suzette">Suzette</persName> en reprenant le chemin de la maison ?</item> </list> </div> <div type="exercices"> <head> DÉVELOPPEMENT DES SUJETS PROPOSÉS POUR EXERCICES. </head> <div type="morale" xml:id="sujmor_009"> <head type="sujets"> Morale. </head> <div type="questions"> <list type="exercices"> <item>— Pourquoi voit-on avec plaisir arriver les vacances ?</item> <item>— A qui pensez-vous avec reconnaissance à la fin de l'année scolaire, et pour quelle raison ?</item> <item>— Comment doit-on employer les vacances ?</item> </list> </div> <div type="réponses"> <p>Les élèves voient arriver avec plaisir l'époque des vacances, parce qu'elles sont fatiguées des études et des travaux de l'année scolaire ; rien d'ailleurs n'est plus agréable que de se reposer lorsque, pendant de longs mois, on s'est montrée laborieuse et appliquée. C'est pour elles un bonheur de rester tout le jour à la maison paternelle ou à la campagne, au moment de la récolte des fruits et des vendanges. A la ville, elles ont la perspective de promenades dans les jardins publics, dans les musées et dans les beaux édifices qui ornent les grands centres de population. </p> <p>Au moment de prendre congé de la classe, à la fin de l'année scolaire, les élèves pensent avec reconnaissance aux sacrifices de leurs parents, qui ne ménagent rien pour que livres, cahiers, plumes ne fassent pas défaut, et qui sont frappés par l'État de lourds impôts à l'occasion de la bonne installation des écoles et du traitement du personnel enseignant. Elles se rappellent encore avec attendrissement les soins dévoués de madame l'institutrice, ses fatigues, ses préoccupations, et la tendre sollicitude dont elle entoure chacune d'entre elles. </p> <p>Une jeune fille raisonnable emploiera ses vacances à seconder sa mère dans les travaux du ménage, à lire de bons livres, à revoir le texte de quelques leçons importantes, et enfin à jouer avec ses compagnes dans le lieu et pendant le temps que ses parents fixeront. </p> </div> </div> <div type="composition" xml:id="sujcom_009"> <head type="sujets"> Composition. </head> <div type="questions"> <list type="exercices"> <item>— LES LIVRES.</item> <item>— Ce qu'ils sont ;</item> <item>— ce que nous y apprenons.</item> <item>— Donnez le résumé d'un livre (non classique) que vous avez lu.</item> <item>— Quels livres aimeriez-vous posséder ?</item> <item>— Pourquoi ?</item> </list> </div> <div type="réponses"> <p>Les livres nous font connaître ce que savent et ce que pensent les hommes les meilleurs ou les plus instruits ; le fruit des études d'une vie entière s'y peut recueillir en quelques heures. Ils sont à l'âme ce que les aliments sont au corps.</p> <p>Un auteur célèbre, <persName type="historique" ref="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1401">Pétrarque</persName>, parlait ainsi des livres : « Ce sont des amis dont la société m'est fort agréable, des amis de tous les pays et de tous les temps. Les uns me racontent les événements des siècles passés ; d'autres me révèlent les secrets de la nature. Celui-ci m'enseigne le moyen de bien vivre et de bien mourir ; celui-là dissipe mes soucis par son enjouement ; il en est qui m'apprennent à maîtriser mes désirs, à me supporter moi-même ; enfin, ils me conduisent sur la route de la science et satisfont à tous les besoins de mon esprit. » </p> <p>(Donner ici le résumé d'un livre qu'on aura lu. Voir, page 407, le <title>COURS DE COMPOSITION</title> (degré supérieur, Maître), par <persName type="historique">E. LAPORTE</persName>.) </p> </div> </div> <pb type="page" n="33" facs="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/BucknellDSC/suzette/master/images/page_images/Suzette_033.jpg"/> <div type="industrie" xml:id="sujind_009"> <head type="sujets"> Industrie. </head> <div type="questions"> <list type="exercices"> <item>— Comment compose-t-on, imprime-t-on les livres ?</item> <item>— Qui a découvert l'imprimerie ? Donnez quelques détails,</item> <item>— Pourquoi les livres coûtent-ils moins que les manuscrits ?</item> <item>— Qu'est-ce qu'un livre in-folio, in-quarto, in-octavo, in-douze, in-dix-huit ?</item> </list> </div> <div type="réponses"> <p>Avant le quinzième siècle, on n'avait que des livres écrits à la main (les manuscrits), ce qui les rendait à la fois rares et coûteux ; seuls, les riches pouvaient s'en procurer. Grâce à l'imprimerie, il s'en trouve aujourd'hui dans toutes les mains, et l'on en a composé sur tous les objets des connaissances humaines. </p> <p>Pour <term>imprimer un livre</term>, on reproduit le texte du manuscrit de l'auteur au moyen de lettres de métal alignées les unes à côté des autres, de manière à former les mots. L'ouvrier prend les lettres dans de petites cases, et il les dispose sur un cadre ayant les dimensions d'une feuille de papier. (Voir, pour la suite, la légende de la gravure de la page 30.) </p> <p>L'<term>imprimerie</term> fut découverte en 1434, à <placeName><placeName key="Strasbourg" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q6602">Strasbourg</placeName></placeName>, par <persName type="historique"><persName key="Jean Gutenberg" ref="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8958" ana="allemande">Jean Gutenberg</persName></persName>, né à <placeName><placeName key="Mainz" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1720">Mayence</placeName></placeName> en 1400 : c'était alors un riche bourgeois. Ruiné par les frais de sa découverte, il retourna à <placeName><placeName key="Mayence" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1720">Mayence</placeName></placeName> vers 1444 et, en 1450, s'y associa avec <persName ref="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q64390" ana="allemande" key="Jean Fust" role="imprimeur">Jean Fust</persName>. Tous deux publièrent la Bible : mais dès que <persName ref="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q64390" ana="allemande" key="Jean Fust">Fust</persName> connut les procédés de l'art nouveau, il poursuivit <persName ref="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8958" ana="allemande" key="Jean Gutenberg">Gutenberg</persName> afin d'obtenir le remboursement des avances qu'il lui avait faites, puis l'abandonna sans ressources pour s'adjoindre <persName ref="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q62560" ana="allemande" key="Pierre Schæffer" role="imprimeur">Pierre Schæffer</persName>. Le malheureux inventeur parvint néanmoins à fonder une imprimerie qu'il posséda jusqu'à la fin de sa vie (1468). </p> <p>Une fois composés en lettres métalliques, les livres peuvent être reproduits à peu de frais à un nombre considérable, ce qui explique leur bon marché. </p> <p>Les feuilles de papier sur lesquelles on imprime ont de grandes dimensions (0m, 80 sur 0m, 60 environ). Si on plie chacune d'elles en <term>deux</term> pour former le livre, on dit que l'ouvrage est du format <rs>in-folio</rs> ; si on la plie en <term>quatre</term>, on obtient l'<term>in-quarto</term> ; en <term>huit</term>, l'<term>in-octavo</term>, etc., et comme chacune de ces feuilles est imprimée sur les deux faces, le nombre de pages de chaque format est toujours le double de la quantité qu'indique le nom du format lui-même ; ainsi l'in-folio comprend 4 pages (2 fois 2 pages) ; l'in-quarto, 8 pages (2 fois 4 pages) ; l'in-octavo, 16 pages (2 fois 8 pages) ; l'in-douze, 24 pages ; l'in-18, 36 pages, etc. Ces différents formats comprennent un ou plusieurs cahiers portant chacun un numéro d'ordre particulier, lequel sert surtout à classer méthodiquement à la suite l'une de l'autre les feuilles d'un même livre. </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </body> </text> </TEI>
